Flame Velocities of Liquid Hydrocarbons

Laminar burning velocities and Markstein lengths of aromatics at elevated temperature and pressure

“…Most of the previous burning velocity data for aromatics were published in the 1950s and were obtained with a variety of experimental techniques with no stretch corrections applied. Wagner and Dugger [31] and Albright et al [30] presented results for a variety of aromatic and non-aromatic fuels. The present burning velocity results qualitatively agree with the results from Wagner and Dugger, who reported benzene > toluene > o-xylene.…”

“…On a more fundamental level, the burning velocity is an intrinsic property of a combustible mixture, and thus is a useful target for kinetic mechanism validation. Numerous burning velocity measurements 1540 were carried out for aromatics during the 1950s-1960s using a variety of experimental techniques [28][29][30][31][32], though the results often qualitatively and quantitatively disagreed. It is now recognized that a major source of the discrepancies is the neglect of flame curvature and aerodynamic strain, collectively denoted stretch [33][34][35][36][37], which can dramatically alter the burning velocity.…”

Measurement of flame speeds by a nozzle burner method

“…Use of eq (4) (termed the perfect cone technique) reduced the variation of flame speed with gas velocity from 30 percent over the range of gas velocities of 3 to 5 fps to about 4 percent over the increased range of 3 to 7 fps, at a gas temperature of about 75° F. Improvements to the burner and gasmeasuring systems further decreased this variation. Another method of determining the total area, called the "planimeter technique," is based on a method described by Albright, Heath, and Thena [6]. Here, the surface area of the flame cone is calculated by (5) where Al i the area, determined by a planimeter, of the vertical cross section of the schlieren cone as seen on a photograph of a flame; l, the slant height of the cone; and h, the height of the cone.…”

Comparative Effect of Ammonia Addition on the Laminar Burning Velocities of Methane, n-Heptane, and Iso-octane

“…For these reasons, surrogate fuels containing a limited number of reference components are commonly adopted to emulate the actual behavior of fuels of interest in fundamental experiments and modeling. Because n -heptane and iso-octane are typically considered as major components of surrogates for the conventional engine and jet fuels, , their fundamental combustion characteristics over a wide range of experimental conditions have been extensively studied by various research groups and the availability of numerous experimental data, including S L , ,,− resulted in the development of various chemical reaction mechanisms, e.g., refs and , that describe their low- and high-temperature oxidation with a high level of confidence. Therefore, these two representative species have been selected in the present study as a starting point to gain a general mechanistic understanding of the antagonist effect of NH 3 enrichment on the S L of a high-molecular-weight hydrocarbon family.…”