Flame stand-off effects on propagation of 3D printed 94 wt% nanosized pyrolants loading composites

Carbon Fibers Enhance the Propagation of High Loading Nanothermites: In Situ Observation of Microscopic Combustion

“…As illustrated in Figure 2b, since the carbon fibers are longer than the inner diameter of the needle (>1.2 mm), they are aligned when passing through the needle during the printing process (Figure 2b). [45][46][47][48]51 The morphology of the Al/CuO prints with embedded carbon fibers are depicted in an illustration, and an optical microscopy image is shown in Figure 2c. A cross-sectional SEM image (Figure 2d) shows that the carbon fibers are generally embedded parallel to the direction of writing.…”

“…One approach for balancing the mechanical integrity, potential energy density, and energy release rate could be to incorporate additives. For example, replacing conventional binders with energetic ones ,− or applying the catalyst embedded with ammonium perchlorate. , Embedding reactive or metal wires is known to promote combustion. − New techniques and formulations have been introduced to increase the energetic material content , and control combustion behavior via alterations to the chemical content. , However, since these materials largely rely on nanothermites as their primary energetic component to maximize energy release, it is possible that energy is being inefficiently coupled back into the system to promote propagation, given their longer reaction time . Considering that energy release rates in propellants are determined by how fast reactions occur and how fast energy can be transferred to unreacted material, one could feasibly use thermally conductive materials as a method to improve the heat transfer and energy release rate .…”

“…44,45 However, since these materials largely rely on nanothermites as their primary energetic component to maximize energy release, it is possible that energy is being inefficiently coupled back into the system to promote propagation, given their longer reaction time. 46 Considering that energy release rates in propellants are determined by how fast reactions occur and how fast energy can be transferred to unreacted material, one could feasibly use thermally con- ductive materials as a method to improve the heat transfer and energy release rate. 47 Additionally, mechanical integrity may be bolstered by incorporating fibers that have been widely employed to reinforce polymer-based 3D structures.…”

Organic and Inorganic Biocidal Energetic Materials for Agent Defeat Weapons: An Overview and Research Perspectives

“…More recent and appealing methods rely upon additive manufacturing techniques, including printing, extrusion, templating and electrospraying technologies [105]. However, these techniques still require a careful understanding of the heat transfer processes to damp flame stand-off effects [106]. Arrested reactive milling is an atypical top-down method for the preparation of BEM mixtures, currently object of growing attention [107].…”