Flame retardants in urban air: A case study in Toronto targeting distinct source sectors

Saini, Amandeep; Clarke, Jenna; Jariyasopit, Narumol; Rauert, Cassandra; Schuster, Jasmin K.; Halappanavar, Sabina; Evans, Greg J.; Su, Yushan; Harner, Tom

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.027

Cited by 54 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…1 and 2). In comparison to other studies, the average level of HBB reported here is close to that observed by Saini et al (2019) in Toronto, Canada (0.24 pg m −3 ), Khairy and Lohmann (2018) in Alexandria, Egypt (0.92 pg m −3 ) and by Ma et al (2013) in Chicago and Cleveland, US (0.67 and 0.81 pg m −3 , respectively). However, it was significantly lower than that reported by Kurt-Karakus et al (2017) in Istanbul, Turkey (510 pg m −3 ).…”

Section: Alternative/new Frssupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Line and cross markers indicate medians and averages, respectively, whereas error bars show minimum and maximum dry deposition fluxes. significant correlation between syn-DP and anti-DP (r = 0.777, p < 0.001) and between HBCDD diastereoisomers (r = 0.820-0.870, p < 0.001) can be explained by their similar sources, which is obvious given their similar use, origin and chemical properties (Saini et al, 2019). No evident temporal separation was observed from PCA score plots for most of samples (Fig.…”

Section: Estimation Of Particle Dry Deposition Fluxes and Human Exposmentioning

confidence: 87%

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Halogenated flame retardants in atmospheric particles from a North African coastal city (Bizerte, Tunisia): Pollution characteristics and human exposure

Barhoumi

Tedetti

Peris

et al. 2020

Atmospheric Pollution Research

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In the present study, atmospheric particle samples were collected between September 2015 and February 2016 from Bizerte city (Tunisia) to investigate the occurrence, potential sources and impacts of a range of flame retardants (FRs), including hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers (HBCDDs), new halogenated flame retardants (NHFRs), as well as methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-BDEs). Among 19 examined compounds, 9 congeners (α-HBCDD, β-HBCDD, γ-HBCDD, HBB, DBDPE, syn-DP, anti-DP, 2′-MeO-BDE-68 and 6-MeO-BDE-47) were detected in atmospheric particles at different levels and frequencies. Overall, the average concentration of NHFRs (1.53 pg m −3) was 1.5 and 51 folds higher than that of HBCDDs (1.04 pg m −3) and MeO-BDEs (0.03 pg m −3), respectively. By comparison with other areas of the world, NHFRs and HBCDDs in Bizerte were at medium pollution level, while MeO-BDEs were at lower levels. No significant correlations were found between NHFR, HBCDD and MeO-BDE concentrations, suggesting different sources related on one hand to the biogenic origin of MeO-BDE, and on the other hand to various types and utilisations of imported NHFR-and HBCDD-containing products, as Tunisia does not manufacture FRs. DP and HBCDD diastereoisomer profiles appeared to be divergent from their commercial products, pointing out that a complex degradation or stereoselective transformation processes occurring in ambient air around Bizerte city. The estimated daily human exposure dose (DED) to particle-bound HBCDDs, NHFRs and MeO-BDEs via outdoor air inhalation was generally at low levels. Hence, this study reports for the first time the occurrence and potential impact of HBCDDs, NHFRs and MeO-BDEs in atmospheric particles from North Africa.

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Section: Alternative/new Frssupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Estimation Of Particle Dry Deposition Fluxes and Human Exposmentioning

confidence: 87%

Halogenated flame retardants in atmospheric particles from a North African coastal city (Bizerte, Tunisia): Pollution characteristics and human exposure

Barhoumi

Tedetti

Peris

et al. 2020

Atmospheric Pollution Research

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“…To further investigate the seasonal variations of OPFR transformation products, PUF-PAS from another sampling campaign were used. 26 These samples were deployed in downtown, Toronto, Canada (same location as of GAPS-MC site), from August 16 to September 16, 2016 (representing summertime) and from December 16, 2016 to January 17, 2017 (representing wintertime). Extraction procedure.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncovering new global risks from commercial chemicals in air

Liggio¹,

Liu²,

Li³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Commercial chemicals are used extensively across global urban centers, posing a potential exposure risk to 4.2 billion people, which accounts for 55% of the global population. Harmful chemicals are often assessed and regulated based on their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxic properties, under international and national initiatives such as the Stockholm Convention. However, current regulatory frameworks largely rely upon knowledge of the properties of the parent chemicals, with minimal consideration given to their atmospheric transformation products. This is mainly due to a significant lack of experimental data, as identifying transformation products in complex mixtures of airborne chemicals is an immense analytical challenge,hence making a comprehensive and reliable risk assessment for harmful chemicals currently unachievable. Here, we develop a novel framework, combining laboratory and field experiments, non-target analysis techniques, and in-silico modelling, to identify and assess the hazards of airborne chemicals, which takes into account atmospheric chemical reactions. By applying this framework to organophosphate flame retardants, as representative chemicals of emerging concern, we find that their transformation products are globally distributed across 18 megacities, representing a previously unrecognized exposure risk for the world’s urban populations. Furthermore, the transformation products can be up to an order of magnitude more persistent, environmentally mobile, and toxic than the parent chemicals. The results indicate that the overall human and environmental risks associated with flame retardants could be significantly underestimated, while highlighting a strong need to include atmospheric transformations in the development of regulations for all harmful chemicals moving forward.

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“…22 The observation of elevated OPE concentrations in Toronto urban air further highlights the importance of precipitation and washout as pathways for OPE transport. 23,24 To build upon the existing knowledge of OPE transport in aquatic environments, we investigated the phase distribution of OPEs in two rivers in Toronto, and how this influences enrichment during wet weather. The two rivers have watersheds draining contrasting landscapes, and we explored the similarities and differences in occurrence and transport pathways of OPEs in both watersheds, as well as likely sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precipitation-induced transport and phase partitioning of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in urban and rural watersheds

Awonaike

Lei

Wania

2021

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

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Flame retardants in urban air: A case study in Toronto targeting distinct source sectors

Cited by 54 publications

References 58 publications

Halogenated flame retardants in atmospheric particles from a North African coastal city (Bizerte, Tunisia): Pollution characteristics and human exposure

Halogenated flame retardants in atmospheric particles from a North African coastal city (Bizerte, Tunisia): Pollution characteristics and human exposure

Uncovering new global risks from commercial chemicals in air

Precipitation-induced transport and phase partitioning of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in urban and rural watersheds

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