Flame-Retardants for Fabrics. Function of Boron-Containing Additives

Kasem, M. Abul; Richards, H. R.

doi:10.1021/i360042a002

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This might be the explanation of two onsets of degradation in high add‐on samples and how close they are to the onsets of degradation of CN‐3 as well as the low add‐on samples. It is known that FRs increase the rate of decomposition and lower the decomposition temperature . In the case of phosphorous‐containing FRs, FRs can reduce cellulose inflammability, primarily by dehydration, phosphorylation, and phosphate‐ester decomposition mechanism.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an environmentally friendly halogen‐free phosphorus–nitrogen bond flame retardant for cotton fabrics

Nguyen

Condon

et al. 2012

Polymers for Advanced Techs

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A novel flame retardant diethyl 4-methylpiperazin-1-ylphosphoramidate (CN-3) containing phosphorous and nitrogen was prepared. Its chemical structure was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H-, 13 C-, and 31 P-NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Print cloth and twill fabrics were treated with CN-3 to achieve different levels of add-on (7-22 wt% add-ons for print cloth and 3-18 wt% add-ons for twill). Thermogravimetric analysis, vertical flame test, and limiting oxygen index (LOI) were performed on the treated cotton fabrics and showed promising results. When the treated print cloth and twill fabric samples were tested using the vertical flame test (ASTM D6413-08), we observed that the ignited fabrics self-extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Treated higher add-ons fabrics were neither consumed by flame nor produced glowing ambers upon selfextinguishing. LOI (ASTM 2863-09) was used to determine the effectiveness of the flame retardant on the treated fabrics. LOI values increased from 18 vol% oxygen in nitrogen for untreated print cloth and twill fabrics to maximum of 28 and 31 wt% for the highest add-ons of print cloth and twill, respectively. The results from cotton fabrics treated with CN-3 demonstrated a higher LOI value as well as a higher char yield because of the effectiveness of phosphorus and nitrogen as a flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Furthermore, FT-IR and SEM were used to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics as well as the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an environmentally friendly halogen‐free phosphorus–nitrogen bond flame retardant for cotton fabrics

Nguyen

Condon

et al. 2012

Polymers for Advanced Techs

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Sodium fluoroborate acts as a catalyst for cross-linking cotton cellulose with formaldehyde (269); transesterification in the preparation of polycarbonates (270); and preparation of cyclic oligoethers from ethylene oxide (271). Sodium and lithium fluoroborates are effective flame retardants for cotton and rayon (272).…”

Section: Main Group Properties a Summary Of The Chemical And Physicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boron Halides

Alam¹,

Evans²,

Mani³

et al. 2003

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The boron trihalides boron trifluoride, BF 3 , boron trichloride, BCl 3 , and boron tribromide, BBr 3 , are important industrial chemicals having increased usage as Lewis acid catalysts and in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes. Boron halides are widely used in the laboratory as catalysts and reagents in numerous types of organic reactions and as starting material for many organoboron and inorganic boron compounds. Reactions of boron trihalides that are of commercial importance are those of BCl 3 and, to a lesser extent, BBr 3 , with gases in chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Boron trichloride is prepared on a large scale by the reaction of Cl 2 and a heated mixture of borax, , and crude oil residue in a rotary kiln heated to 1038°C. Boron trihalides, BX 3 , are trigonal planar molecules which are ( sp ) 2 hybridized. The X–B–X angles are 120°. The boron trihalides are strong Lewis acids; however, the order of relative acid strengths, , is contrary to that expected based on the electronegativities and atomic sizes of the halogen atoms. Boron tribromide is produced on a large scale by the reaction of Br 2 and granulated B 4 C at 850–1000°C or by the reaction of HBr with CaB 6 at high temperatures. Approximately 75–95% of the BCl 3 consumed in the United States is used to prepare boron filaments by CVD. Another important use of BCl 3 is as a Friedel‐Crafts catalyst in various polymerization, alkylation, and acylation reactions, and in other organic syntheses. BCl 3 is also used for the production of halosilanes, in the preparation of many boron compounds and in the production of optical wave guides. BBr 3 is used in the manufacture of isotopically enriched crystalline boron, as a Friedel‐Crafts catalyst in various polymerization, alkylation, and acylation reactions, and in semiconductor doping and etching. Boron subhalides are binary compounds of boron and the halogens, where the atomic ratio of halogen to boron is less than 3. The boron monohalides and boron dihalide radicals have been studied. Diboron tetraflouride, B 2 F 4 , diboron tetrachloride, B 2 Cl 4 , diboron tetrabromide, B 2 Br 4 , and diborontetraiodide, B 2 I 4 , are well‐known but thermally unstable compounds. Fluoroboric acid and the fluoroborates are commercially important to a variety of industries. The acid is used in plating circuits, in metal finishing, in the production of aluminum, and as an acid catalyst. Main group metal and ammonium fluoroborates find use as fluxes, as catalysts, and in flame‐retardant manufacture. Transition‐ and other heavy‐metal fluoroborate salts are used in the plating industry and as catalysts. Properties and manufacture are described.

show abstract

“…They are used as flame retardants in synthetic fibers, polymers (Wilkie and Morgan, 2009) textile materials etc. (Fidell and Brook, 1971;Kasem and Richard, 1972). Some test methods for example thermogravimetric analysis, LOI analysis, UL-94 test, cone colorimeter test are used to evaluate the flammability of flame retardant materials (Bourbigot et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Zinc Fluoroborate by Wet Method and Its Application as a Flame Retardant for Cotton Fabrics

Aydın

Gürü

2021

JER is an international, peer-reviewed journal that publishes f

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this study, zinc fluoroborate was synthesized by wet method using fluoroboric acid and zinc oxide as reactant and its usability as flame retardant for cotton fabrics was investigated. The wet method is economical, green, efficient and applicable for a large-scale. The maximum yield was determined related to the variation of reactant ratio, temperature, reaction period and stirrer rate. The characterization of the product was carried out by means of FTIR, BF4- ion selective electrode and XRD. The maximum yield of 97% was achieved at the reactant mole ratio (nZnO/nHBF4) of 1:3, temperature of 90 °C and reaction period of 90 minutes. The purity of the synthesized product was found as 98 %. Flame retardancy and high temperature resistance effects of zinc fluoroborate on cotton fabrics were investigated by LOI test and high temperature durability test method, respectively. Although LOI value of the untreated original fabric was determined as 16, this value increased above 55 by impregnating of fabric with 50 % zinc fluoroborate solution.

show abstract

Flame-Retardants for Fabrics. Function of Boron-Containing Additives

Cited by 12 publications

References 15 publications

Development of an environmentally friendly halogen‐free phosphorus–nitrogen bond flame retardant for cotton fabrics

Development of an environmentally friendly halogen‐free phosphorus–nitrogen bond flame retardant for cotton fabrics

Boron Halides

Synthesis of Zinc Fluoroborate by Wet Method and Its Application as a Flame Retardant for Cotton Fabrics

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About