Flame-retardant properties of cellulose phenylthiophosphonate

Katsuura, Kakuji; Inagaki, N.

doi:10.1002/app.1978.070220308

Cited by 20 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Organophosphorus compounds are often combined with halogens (Katsuura and Inagaki 1978;Schwenker and Pascu 1958). Stevens et al (2006) modified pine sawdust with alkyland phenylchlorophosphorus compounds using pyridine.…”

Section: Phosphorus Based Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flammability behaviour of wood and a review of the methods for its reduction

2013

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Wood is one of the most sustainable, aesthetically pleasing and environmentally benign materials. Not only is wood often an integral part of structures, it is also the main source of furnishings found in homes, schools, and offices around the world. The often inevitable hazards of fire make wood a very desirable material for further investigation. As well as ignition resistance and a low heat release rate, timber products have long been required to resist burnthrough and maintain structural integrity whilst continuing to provide protection when exposed to fire or heat. Various industry standard tests are thus required to ensure adequate protection from fire is provided. When heated, wood undergoes thermal degradation and combustion to produce gases, vapours, tars and char. In order to understand and alter the fire behaviour of wood, it is necessary to know in as much detail as possible about its processes of decomposition. Various thermal analysis and flammability assessment techniques are utilised for this purpose, including thermogravimetric analysis, cone calorimetry and the single burning item test. The results of such tests are often highly dependent on various parameters including changes to the gas composition, temperature, heating rate, and sample shape size. Potential approaches for fire retarding timber are reviewed, identifying two main approaches: char formation and isolating layers. Other potential approaches are recognised, including the use of inorganic minerals, such as sericrite, and metal foils in combination with intumescent products. Formulations containing silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus have been reported, and efforts to retain silicon in the wood have been successful using micro-layers of silicon dioxide. Nano-scale fire retardants, such as nanocomposite coatings, are considered to provide a new generation of fire retardants, and may have potential for wood. Expandable graphite is identified for use in polymers and has potential for wood provided coating applications are preferred.

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Section: Phosphorus Based Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flammability behaviour of wood and a review of the methods for its reduction

2013

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“…The lowering in T d-DSC with the sulfur introduction may be interpreted as being primarily due to a possible structural transformation, such as that shown in Scheme 1 (Katsuura and Inagaki 1978), which preceded the actual degradation of the thiophosphorylated CP derivatives. A similar observation of T d -depression has been experienced by Kaur et al (1987) in a differential thermal analysis (DTA) for cellulose phosphate and cellulose thiophosphate; an apparent T d as the starting temperature of exothermic ascent in the DTA was estimated as 228°C for the phosphate and 220°C for the thiophosphate.…”

Section: Molecular Weight Of Cpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the FT-IR data should characterize an intermediate residue in the process of pyrolysis of the respective samples. The wavenumbers and assignments of observed and potentially detectable IRbands are listed in Table 6 together with available references (Balabanovich et al 2003;Bourbigot et al 1995;Katsuura and Inagaki 1978;Kaur et al 1987;Luneva and Oputina 1997;McKee et al 1984;Singh et al 1979;Suárez-García et al 2002). As shown in Fig.…”

Section: ) ( II )mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…References 500 dO-P-O (Luneva and Oputina 1997;McKee et al 1984) mP-S (Katsuura and Inagaki 1978;Singh et al 1979) 710 mP=S (Katsuura and Inagaki 1978;Singh et al 1979) 900 m as P-O in P-O-P (Balabanovich et al 2003;Kaur et al 1987;Luneva and Oputina 1997;Bourbigot et al 1995) 1,000 mP-O-(C) (Balabanovich et al 2003;Singh et al 1979) 1,050 mO-P (Balabanovich et al 2003;Katsuura and Inagaki 1978;Kaur et al 1987;Luneva and Oputina 1997) 1,440 d as C-H (McKee et al 1984;Suárez-García et al 2002) 1,600 mC=C (Katsuura and Inagaki 1978;Kaur et al 1987;McKee et al 1984;Suárez-García et al 2002) 1,710 mC=O (Balabanovich et al 2003;Katsuura and Inagaki 1978;Kaur et al 1987;Suárez-García et al 2002) …”

Section: Assignmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phosphorylated cellulose propionate derivatives as thermoplastic flame resistant/retardant materials: influence of regioselective phosphorylation on their thermal degradation behaviour

Aoki

Nishio

2010

Cellulose

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Cellulose ester derivatives having phosphoryl side-chains were synthesized by phosphorylation of two types of cellulose propionate (CP); the difference between the two CPs was whether the primary hydroxyl group at C6 had been fully propionylated or not. Dimethyl phosphate, dimethyl thiophosphate, diethyl phosphate, or diethyl thiophosphate was introduced into the residual hydroxyl positions of the CPs. Chemical composition of the respective derivatives was characterized by elemental analysis and a combined use of saponification and HPLC quantification of the released propionic acid. Their thermal properties were investigated by DSC and TGA, and an intermediate residue of the pyrolysis was also examined by FT-IR spectroscopy. From the thermal degradation measurements using TGA, the C6-O phosphorylation was found to noticeably prevent the CP derivatives from weight loss in the pyrolysis process under dynamic air, i.e., providing them with a flame-resistance functionality, whereas the C2-O and C3-O phosphorylation did not give rise to such an appreciable resistance effect. A discussion was focused on the difference in pyrolysis mechanism between the phosphorylated CPs. However, most samples of the CP derivatives showed a clear T g considerably lower than the onset temperature of the thermal degradation. Thus we suggest that it is possible to design thermoplastic flame resistant/ retardant materials based on cellulose, by controlling the substitution distribution of the phosphoryl and propionyl groups introduced.

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“…Halogenated or phosphorus-containing compounds are widely used as fire retardants for polymers. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] In general, the halogenated compounds influence the flammability by producing hydrogen halide as radical traps in high temperature or by depressing the flammable gas mixture available for burning. 14, 15 Phosphorus-containing compounds are in a position to reduce the flammability, because they can promote the char formation and inhibit the glowing reaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and properties of 4‐hydroxy‐2,3,5,6‐tetrabromobenzyl phosphonates and effects of their flame retardance on impact polystyrene

Yang

Lee

1986

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Synopsisp-Cresol was converted into 2,3,5,fXetrabromocresol by A1C13 catalyst bromination, and then further brominated to 4-hydroxy-2,3,5,6-tetrabromobenzyl bromide (HTBBB) in benzene by light. HTBBB reacted easily with trialkyl phosphite to produce 4-hydroxy-2,3,5,6-tetrabromobenzyl phosphonates (HTBBPs) in solvents. Although the reaction of HTBBB with triaryl phosphite was slower than that with trialkyl phosphite, it does produce corresponding phosphonate with ease. Except for DMF, DMAc, chloroform, and tetrahydrofuran, HTBBP was difficult to dissolve in ordinary organic solvents. Of all the synthesized HTBBP, dimethyl hydroxy-2,3,5,6-tetrabromobenzyl phosphonate showed the poorest solubility. With the addition of these new compounds containing bromine and phosphorus atoms to HIPS as flame retardants, the results of oxygen index measurement showed that the flame resistance of these compounds was greater than the additive effect of the two corresponding individual brominated compound and phosphoruscontaining compound. It means that these new compounds seem to act synergistically as flame retardants in HIPS. Simultaneous addition of bominated compound and phosphoruscontaining compound to HIPS ends up with a similar effect as mentioned above, but the new compounds can prevent the exclusion of phosphoruscontaining compound from polymer matrix.

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Flame-retardant properties of cellulose phenylthiophosphonate

Cited by 20 publications

References 1 publication

Flammability behaviour of wood and a review of the methods for its reduction

Flammability behaviour of wood and a review of the methods for its reduction

Phosphorylated cellulose propionate derivatives as thermoplastic flame resistant/retardant materials: influence of regioselective phosphorylation on their thermal degradation behaviour

Synthesis and properties of 4‐hydroxy‐2,3,5,6‐tetrabromobenzyl phosphonates and effects of their flame retardance on impact polystyrene

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