Flame retardant fiber-reinforced composites

Morgan, Alexander B.

doi:10.1533/9780857098931.4.623

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Polymer composites, due to their low weight to strength ratio, good mechanical behaviour, chemical resistance and corrosion resistance, find mammoth applications in automotive, aircraft, airspace, marine and civil construction. 1,2 Epoxy resin is widely used as matrix in advanced composite due to its good impregnation and adhesion to fibre reinforcement, resulting in excellent chemical and mechanical performance and low shrinkage on cure. 3,4 However, its flame retardant behaviour raises a serious safety issue on the use of polymer composites due to the extreme flammability of polymer matrix of the composite when compared with traditional structure material such as steel and alloy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of intumescent mat on post-fire performance of carbon fibre reinforced composites

Zhu

Clement³

et al. 2019

Journal of Fire Sciences

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This study investigated the effect of intumescent mats (M1 and M2) with different compositions on the post-fire performance of carbon fibre reinforced composites (CFRP). The sandwich structure was designed for composites where M1 (CFRP-M1) or M2 (CFRP-M2) mats were covered on the composite surface. A significant reduction in the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) was observed from the cone calorimetric data and CFRP-M1 composite showed the lowest value of 148 KW/m 2 and 29 MJ/m 2 for PHRR and THR, respectively. Additionally, a minor influence on mechanical properties was observed due to the variation of composite thickness and resin volume in the composite. The post-fire properties of composite were characterised and the M1 mat presented better retention of flexural strength and modulus. The feasibility of two-layer model was confirmed to predict the post-fire performance of composites and reduce the reliance on the large amounts of empirical data.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of intumescent mat on post-fire performance of carbon fibre reinforced composites

Zhu

Clement³

et al. 2019

Journal of Fire Sciences

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“…Since the internal structure of carbon fiber dictates the materials performance; materials of more excellent performance can be made with carbon nanotubes which have perfect lattice structure but unfortunately, carbon nanotubes and the likes have not been successfully produced in such a large quantity to displace carbon fiber in certain vital mass production-applications like manufacture of airplanes and satellites [24]. Attempts have also been made to use carbon fiber as a flame retardant in textile reinforced composites [31]. [30].…”

Section: Fig 3 Schematic Structural Features Of Carbon Fibermentioning

confidence: 99%

Unlimited potentials of carbon: different structures and uses (a Review)

2018

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Carbon is a unique chemical element whose different forms or allotropes are inexhaustible in number. It has been in use since antiquity and now, the possibility of manipulating the lattice structure of its crystalline allotropes, offers it unlimited advanced applications. This review aims at demonstrating certain aspects of engineering material in different applications. Various structures of some identified allotropes carbon, respective properties and uses of the allotropes were reviewed. Amorphous carbon materials find application mainly as fuels and sometimes as parent materials for synthesis of more useful chemicals. Their limited application was ascribed to their unstable irregular patterned structure which cannot be manipulated easily to meet further needs. Structurally, carbon exists in the sp3 and sp2 hybridized state in the crystal lattice of its crystalline allotropes. Due to the salient features of its allotropes, carbon finds application in energy generation and storage, optics, electronics, opto-electronics, electro-catalysis, corrosion control, bio-sensing (diagnostics), sensing, agriculture, water treatment, making of composite materials with unique properties and more. There is no limit to the application of carbon. It was recommended that renewable and sustainable alternative precursors for synthesis of carbon nanomaterials with crystal growth control be sought for.

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“…Epoxy polymers are non-competitive in terms of their mechanical properties, lightness and price compared to the other classes of thermosetting polymers [ 1 ]. At the same time, their high flammability excludes the use of epoxy resins for materials with high fire resistance requirements, for example for cabin interior trim [ 2 , 3 ]. For this purpose coke-forming phenolic or polybenzoxazine matrices [ 1 ] or epoxy and polyester binders modified with flame retardants are usually used [ 2 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the same time, their high flammability excludes the use of epoxy resins for materials with high fire resistance requirements, for example for cabin interior trim [ 2 , 3 ]. For this purpose coke-forming phenolic or polybenzoxazine matrices [ 1 ] or epoxy and polyester binders modified with flame retardants are usually used [ 2 , 4 ]. However, the introduction, for instance, of phosphorus-containing flame retardants, as a rule, leads to a significant decrease in mechanical properties and heat resistance of the polymer due to the absence of a covalent bond between matrix and flame retardant resulting in two-phase system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isothermal Kinetics of Epoxyphosphazene Cure

et al. 2021

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The influence of epoxycyclophosphazene modifier on the process of epoxy-amine curing was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The study revealed that the curing process of epoxyphosphazene binders with 4′4′diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS) provides more complete curing of the formulations in comparison with ones applying low molecular-weight polyamide curing agent (L-20). The isothermal kinetics of curing was described by means of model fitting and the isoconversional approach (Friedman method). Accurate n-order approximation was obtained for all systems under study. In particular, the 2-order equation fits well with the main part of curing excluding high degrees of conversion. The process of curing could be distinguished into three zones. The transition from zone 2 to zone 3 correlates with gelation. According to the isoconversional analysis by Friedman method, the diffusion-controlled mechanism is found at final stage of curing.

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Flame retardant fiber-reinforced composites

Cited by 6 publications

References 77 publications

The effect of intumescent mat on post-fire performance of carbon fibre reinforced composites

The effect of intumescent mat on post-fire performance of carbon fibre reinforced composites

Unlimited potentials of carbon: different structures and uses (a Review)

Isothermal Kinetics of Epoxyphosphazene Cure

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