Flame retardance of wood treated with guanidine compounds characterized by thermal degradation behavior

Gao, Ming; Ling, Biaocan; Shou-sheng, Yang; Zhao, Min

doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2005.01.006

Cited by 52 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…It is considered that phosphorus exhibits the main fire retardancy effect, and without it, amino resins are not significantly effective in catalysing the thermal decomposition of wood. In another study (Gao et al 2005), wood was treated with guanidine dihydrogen phosphate, diguanidine hydrogen phosphate, guanidine carbonate and guanidine nitrate and analysed using TGA. Char yields were increased compared to untreated wood by approximately 60%, 55%, 20% and 25%, respectively, which effectively demonstrates the synergism by phosphorus of nitrogen based fire retardants.…”

Section: Phosphorus/nitrogen Synergismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flammability behaviour of wood and a review of the methods for its reduction

2013

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Wood is one of the most sustainable, aesthetically pleasing and environmentally benign materials. Not only is wood often an integral part of structures, it is also the main source of furnishings found in homes, schools, and offices around the world. The often inevitable hazards of fire make wood a very desirable material for further investigation. As well as ignition resistance and a low heat release rate, timber products have long been required to resist burnthrough and maintain structural integrity whilst continuing to provide protection when exposed to fire or heat. Various industry standard tests are thus required to ensure adequate protection from fire is provided. When heated, wood undergoes thermal degradation and combustion to produce gases, vapours, tars and char. In order to understand and alter the fire behaviour of wood, it is necessary to know in as much detail as possible about its processes of decomposition. Various thermal analysis and flammability assessment techniques are utilised for this purpose, including thermogravimetric analysis, cone calorimetry and the single burning item test. The results of such tests are often highly dependent on various parameters including changes to the gas composition, temperature, heating rate, and sample shape size. Potential approaches for fire retarding timber are reviewed, identifying two main approaches: char formation and isolating layers. Other potential approaches are recognised, including the use of inorganic minerals, such as sericrite, and metal foils in combination with intumescent products. Formulations containing silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus have been reported, and efforts to retain silicon in the wood have been successful using micro-layers of silicon dioxide. Nano-scale fire retardants, such as nanocomposite coatings, are considered to provide a new generation of fire retardants, and may have potential for wood. Expandable graphite is identified for use in polymers and has potential for wood provided coating applications are preferred.

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Section: Phosphorus/nitrogen Synergismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flammability behaviour of wood and a review of the methods for its reduction

2013

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“…The char yield at 700°C, temperatures at the maximum mass loss rate (T m ) and the value of the maximum weight loss rate (R max ) were measured, list in Table 2. Generally, the function of flame retardant in materials is to increase the char at the cost of flammable volatile products [7]. From the Fig.…”

Section: Scanning Electron Microscope Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal properties of polycarbonate containing potassium perfluorobutane sulfonate

Guifen¹,

Gao²

2016

Proceedings of the 2016 3rd International Conference on Mechatronics and Information Technology

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Potassium perfluorobutane sulfonate (PPFBS) was used to impart flame retardancy to polycarbonate (PC). The thermal properties of of the PC/PPFBS composites were studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), TG, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that PC/1wt.% PPFBS composites passed UL-94V-0 rating, and its LOI values were 30.6%. Compared with PC, for the PC/PPFBS composites, the thermal stability and the char yield are increased. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the char properties had crucial effects on the flame retardancy.

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“…Furthermore, the fuel in the solid and gaseous phases can be diluted in order to decrease the ignition limit of the gas mixture. Two chemical reactions interfere with the combustion process in the condensed and gas phases (Gao et al 2005;Bourbigot and Duquesne 2007;Hagen et al 2009;Schartel 2010). Some fire retardants have one or more ways of improving the fire properties of composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, silicon (Si) compounds dilute the combustible organic gases in the flame zone by initiating the vapor phase, and they also form a barrier to heat and mass transfer (Ebdon et al 1996). The fire properties of wood-based composites have been improved by many types of fire retardant additives including halogens (Lewin 2005), silicon (Genovese and Shanks 2008;Niu et al 2014;Chen et al 2015a,c), boron (Baysal et al 2007a, b), and phosphorous (Gao et al 2003;Gao et al 2005;Branca and Blasi 2007;Schartel et al 2010). Fire retardants generally are not used alone; they are usually used with other additives in polymeric materials to obtain a synergistic effect (Durin-France et al 2000;Hagen et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Complex Fire-Retardants on the Fire Properties of Ultra-low Density Fiberboard (ULDF)

Chen¹,

Liu²,

Wu³

et al. 2016

BioResources

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The preparation conditions of complex fire-retardant (FR) agents containing boron compounds (BF, X1), nitrogen-phosphorus compounds (NPF, X2), silicon compounds (SF, X3), and halogen compounds (HF, X4) for ultra-low density fiberboard (ULDF) were optimized using a response surface methodology. The effects and interactions of X1, X2, X3, and X4 on the fire properties of ULDF were investigated. An optimum char yield of 61.4% was obtained when the complex fire-retardant agents contained 33.9% boron, 27.2% nitrogen-phosphorus, 15.0% silicon, and 28.6% halogen. Compared with control fiberboard (CF), the heat release rate (HRR) profiles of all fiberboards with FRs were reduced. The peak HRR reduction in BF and NPF was more pronounced than for SF and HF at this stage. . Additionally, Si compounds showed greater effectiveness in preventing ULDF mass loss than BF, NPF, and HF. MF showed the highest residual mass (40.94%). Furthermore, the synergistic effect between four FR agents showed more significant results in ULDFs.

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Flame retardance of wood treated with guanidine compounds characterized by thermal degradation behavior

Cited by 52 publications

References 11 publications

Flammability behaviour of wood and a review of the methods for its reduction

Flammability behaviour of wood and a review of the methods for its reduction

Thermal properties of polycarbonate containing potassium perfluorobutane sulfonate

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Complex Fire-Retardants on the Fire Properties of Ultra-low Density Fiberboard (ULDF)

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