Flame characteristics of under-expanded, cryogenic hydrogen jet fire

Yu, Xing; Wu, Yue; Zhao, Yanqiu; Wang, Changjian

doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2022.112294

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The papers related to the investigation of ignited liquid hydrogen are still scarce. The modelling of the flame is always carried out with the LES approach, and some of the most frequently investigated parameters are the temperature and the release pressure [100,101]. In these cases, the validation of the results is one of the most complex steps.…”

Section: Cfd Simulations Of Hydrogen Dispersion and The Consequences ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Safety Challenges: A Comprehensive Review on Production, Storage, Transport, Utilization, and CFD-Based Consequence and Risk Assessment

Calabrese,

Portarapillo,

Di Nardo

et al. 2024

Energies

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This review examines the central role of hydrogen, particularly green hydrogen from renewable sources, in the global search for energy solutions that are sustainable and safe by design. Using the hydrogen square, safety measures across the hydrogen value chain—production, storage, transport, and utilisation—are discussed, thereby highlighting the need for a balanced approach to ensure a sustainable and efficient hydrogen economy. The review also underlines the challenges in safety assessments, points to past incidents, and argues for a comprehensive risk assessment that uses empirical modelling, simulation-based computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) for hydrogen dispersion, and quantitative risk assessments. It also highlights the activities carried out by our research group SaRAH (Safety, Risk Analysis, and Hydrogen) relative to a more rigorous risk assessment of hydrogen-related systems through the use of a combined approach of CFD simulations and the appropriate risk assessment tools. Our research activities are currently focused on underground hydrogen storage and hydrogen transport as hythane.

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Section: Cfd Simulations Of Hydrogen Dispersion and The Consequences ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Safety Challenges: A Comprehensive Review on Production, Storage, Transport, Utilization, and CFD-Based Consequence and Risk Assessment

Calabrese,

Portarapillo,

Di Nardo

et al. 2024

Energies

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“…The momentum of high-pressure hydrogen leakage (M) is calculated as M = ρ j π 4 u 2 0 d, where ρ j is the density of jet flow at the leak hole exit, u 0 is the gas release rate at the leak hole exit, and d is the leak area. In addition, ρ j and u 0 can be calculated following Wang's work based on the notional nozzle model [8]. Therefore, ρ j is calculated as 1.89 kg/m 3 , u 0 is calculated as 1158.48 m/s, and M is calculated as 210,243.6 kgms −2 when the leak hole size is 325 mm.…”

Section: Jet Firementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequently, the source function in Equation ( 1) is determined as presented in Equation ( 7) for an isotopically scattering medium, where I B represents the black body intensity and ω is the albedo. Additionally, the finite solid angle δΩ i is calculated through angular subdivision, as described in Equation (8).…”

Section: Jet Firementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For high-pressure hydrogen leakage, Birch et al introduced a notional nozzle model for hydrogen leakage and dispersion, assuming hydrogen leaking from a virtual nozzle with characteristics mirroring those of a real nozzle [5][6][7]. Wang et al proposed a simplified model using the specific heat capacity of hydrogen to calculate jet velocity and jet density based on the notional model [8]. Makarov et al created models predicting unignited releases and pressure peaking phenomena in still air [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling of Hydrogen Dispersion, Jet Fires and Explosions Caused by Hydrogen Pipeline Leakage

Lin,

Ling,

et al. 2023

Fire

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Accidental hydrogen releases from pipelines pose significant risks, particularly with the expanding deployment of hydrogen infrastructure. Despite this, there has been a lack of thorough investigation into hydrogen leakage from pipelines, especially under complex real-world conditions. This study addresses this gap by modeling hydrogen gas dispersion, jet fires, and explosions based on practical scenarios. Various factors influencing accident consequences, such as leak hole size, wind speed, wind direction, and trench presence, were systematically examined. The findings reveal that both hydrogen dispersion distance and jet flame thermal radiation distance increase with leak hole size and wind speed. Specifically, the longest dispersion and radiation distances occur when the wind direction aligns with the trench, which is 110 m where the hydrogen concentration is 4% and 76 m where the radiation is 15.8 kW/m2 in the case of a 325 mm leak hole and wind under 10 m/s. Meanwhile, pipelines lacking trenching exhibit the shortest distances, 0.17 m and 0.98 m, at a hydrogen concentration of 4% and 15.8 kW/m2 radiation with a leak hole size of 3.25 mm and no wind. Moreover, under relatively higher wind speeds, hydrogen concentration stratification occurs. Notably, the low congestion surrounding the pipeline results in an explosion overpressure too low to cause damage; namely, the highest overpressure is 8 kPa but this lasts less than 0.2 s. This comprehensive numerical study of hydrogen pipeline leakage offers valuable quantitative insights, serving as a vital reference for facility siting and design considerations to eliminate the risk of fire incidents.

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“…This research believed that the axial conversion phenomenon in the jet flow of rectangular nozzle resulted in the shortening of jet flame length. Xing et al [10] established a new flame integral model based on the radial distribution of velocity and mixing fraction, which had substantially improved the prediction of downstream radiant heat flow of horizontal flame. Hussein et al [11] used the garage as a model for numerical simulation to study the explosion overpressure ignited after hydrogen leakage in a closed space.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on Characteristics of Hydrogen Dynamic Leakage and Combustion at High Pressure

Guo

Zhang

2023

International Journal of Energy Research

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Hydrogen is promoted as an alternative energy given the global energy shortage and environmental pollution. A scientific basis can be provided for the safe use and emergency treatment of hydrogen based on hydrogen leakage and combustion behavior. This study examined the stagnation parameters of dynamic hydrogen leakage and flame propagation in turbulent jets under normal temperatures and high pressure. Based on van der Waals’ equation of state for gas, a theoretical model for completely predicting stagnation parameters, outlet gas velocity, and flow rate changes in the process of high-pressure hydrogen leakage could be proposed, and the calculation result of this model was compared with the experimental result, with an error within ±10%. The progression and propagation of the flame in turbulent jets after ignition were recorded using the background-oriented schlieren image technology, and the propagation speed of flame from the ignition position downward and upward was calculated. Moreover, the influence of initial pressure, nozzle diameter, and ignition position on the flame propagation process and propagation speed was analyzed.

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Flame characteristics of under-expanded, cryogenic hydrogen jet fire

Cited by 17 publications

References 35 publications

Hydrogen Safety Challenges: A Comprehensive Review on Production, Storage, Transport, Utilization, and CFD-Based Consequence and Risk Assessment

Hydrogen Safety Challenges: A Comprehensive Review on Production, Storage, Transport, Utilization, and CFD-Based Consequence and Risk Assessment

Modeling of Hydrogen Dispersion, Jet Fires and Explosions Caused by Hydrogen Pipeline Leakage

Research on Characteristics of Hydrogen Dynamic Leakage and Combustion at High Pressure

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