Flake Tools Stratified Below Paleo-Indian Artifacts

Reagan, Michael J.; Rowlett, Ralph M.; Garrison, Ervan G.; Dort, Wakefield; Bryant, Vaughn; Johannsen, C. J.

doi:10.1126/science.200.4347.1272

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…More recent reviews have been published by Nolan and Hickson (1993) for western Illinois and by Artz (1993) for Iowa. Beyond the western Illinois region that is the present paper's focus, important midwestern sites which may be buried similarly include the Paleoindian Bostrom site in Madison County, Illinois (Tankersley et al, 1993;Tankersley, 1995) and the Paleoindian Shriver site in central Missouri (Reagan et al, 1978), the Early Archaic Bass site in southwestern Wisconsin (Stoltman et al, 1984), and the Late Archaic Nebo Hill site in western Missouri (Reid, 1977(Reid, , 1983.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The good earthworm: How natural processes preserve upland Archaic archaeological sites of western Illinois, U.S.A.

Nest

2002

Geoarchaeology

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In western Illinois, many soil profiles developed into upland loess deposits (Peoria Silt) contain Archaic period artifacts greater than 3500 yr B.P. in stone zones below plow level. For artifacts in prairie and prairie-forest transition soils (not forest soils), depth distribution curves suggest they were buried in biomantles by small soil fauna. Artifacts of sizes archaeologists routinely collect generally move down while retaining fine-scale horizontal integrity. The process results in stratigraphic separation of Archaic and Woodland period components that otherwise would commingle at the surface. The characteristic distribution of known upland sites, narrowly rimming stream valley headwaters, reflects incomplete burial of materials on steeper forested slopes. On adjacent gently sloping upper shoulder segments of valleys where grassy cover more strongly influences soil development (and by inference on broad level uplands where true prairie soils occur), Archaic artifacts will be buried in the biomantle and go undetected by surface surveyors. ᭧

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The good earthworm: How natural processes preserve upland Archaic archaeological sites of western Illinois, U.S.A.

Nest

2002

Geoarchaeology

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“…Three sites in northern Missouri are highly controversial: Shriver (Reagan et al 1978), Miami Mastodon (Hamilton 1993;O'Brien and Wood 1998), and Walters (Biggs et al 1970). It is unclear whether the Walters site is entirely Late Paleoindian (i.e., Dalton) or if it contains some fluted Early/Middle Paleoindian material (Biggs et al 1970:51-54).…”

Section: Early/middle Paleoindianmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, flawless evidence for the presence of pre-Clovis people in North America is still lacking, although several sites and new data have provided tantalizing but still controversial evidence for their existence (e.g., Adovasio et al 1978Adovasio et al , 1982Alexander 1982;Hall 1996b;Reagan et al 1978;Stanford 1979;Wisner 1996). It is generally assumed that the initial settlement of South America resulted from one or more groups passing through North America via the Beringian Corridor or a North Atlantic route, either by land, boat, or some combination of the two.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The 1997 Excavations at the Big Eddy Site (23CE426) in Southwest Missouri

Lopinot¹,

Ray²,

Conner³

1998

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“…This makes a very nice theoretical picture, but the correlation is not strong and may be even less significant. Not only is the concept of an ice-free corridor questioned (Fladmark 1979), but there are an increasing number of claims for pre-Clovis sites (Stalker 1977;Adovasio e;MacNeish 1973;Reagan e;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eagle Hill: A Late Quaternary Upland Site in Western Lousiana

Gunn¹,

Brown²

1982

ITA

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The Eagle Hill II site (16 SA 50) is located in a rolling upland area of western Louisiana known as Peason Ridge. Because of its location in a saddle, the locale accumulated colluvial sediments during certain intervals of the late Quaternary; in addition, it served as a habitation area for prehistoric groups. Sediments were preserved from the early and late Holocene, apparently reflecting the relatively cooler and moister conditions of those periods that were conducive to erosion-preventing vegetation.The site was excavated in a manner to provide both vertical and horizontal information on site occupation at relatively high resolution. A sampling design was used to target critical occupation levels for careful excavation of occupational floors. Floors were stratified based on analysis of lithics from test excavations. On targeted occupation floors, artifacts were provenienced to the centimeter. A battery of information was collected on the sediments to allow definition of fire hearths, activity areas, etc.The early Holocene levels (10,000-7000 B.P.) began with a Folsom-related occupation and ended with an Early Archaic technology. Analysis of lithic wear patterns, tool morphology, and fire-related attributes clearly defined activity areas. Similar success was achieved with the late Holocene (A.O. 6000-present) ceramic levels.X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation were used to examine lithic source areas and mineral content of the soils in the occupation floors.

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Flake Tools Stratified Below Paleo-Indian Artifacts

Cited by 12 publications

References 6 publications

The good earthworm: How natural processes preserve upland Archaic archaeological sites of western Illinois, U.S.A.

The good earthworm: How natural processes preserve upland Archaic archaeological sites of western Illinois, U.S.A.

The 1997 Excavations at the Big Eddy Site (23CE426) in Southwest Missouri

Eagle Hill: A Late Quaternary Upland Site in Western Lousiana

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