Flagellar movement of human spermatozoa

Ishijima, Sumio; Oshio, Shigeru; Mohri, Hideo

doi:10.1002/mrd.1120130302

Cited by 116 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…How flagella might impose partial synchronization is not known. A further complication results from observation of elliptical waveforms in some mammalian sperm flagella and protozoan cilia [Rikmenspoel, 1965;Ishijima et al, 1986;Teunis and Machemer, 1994], implying a continuum between uniform doublet metachronism and partial synchronization.…”

Section: Doublet Arraysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thinking about flagellar oscillation

Brokaw

2008

Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton

134

133

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Bending of cilia and flagella results from sliding between the microtubular outer doublets, driven by dynein motor enzymes. This review reminds us that many questions remain to be answered before we can understand how dynein-driven sliding causes the oscillatory bending of cilia and flagella. Does oscillation require switching between two distinct, persistent modes of dynein activity? Only one mode, an active forward mode, has been characterized, but an alternative mode, either inactive or reverse, appears to be required. Does switching between modes use information from curvature, sliding direction, or both? Is there a mechanism for reciprocal inhibition? Can a localized capability for oscillatory sliding become self-organized to produce the metachronal phase differences required for bend propagation? Are interactions between adjacent dyneins important for regulation of oscillation and bend propagation? Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 66: 425-436, 2009. '

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Section: Doublet Arraysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thinking about flagellar oscillation

Brokaw

2008

Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton

134

133

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“…The great majority of observations have been of epididymal sperm cultured in vitro [e.g., Yanagimachi, 1970;Katz et al, 1978b;Suarez et al, 1984;Ishijima et al, 1986; Talbot, 1986, 1987;Cherr et al, 1986;Cummins and Yanagimachi, 1986; Suarez, 19871. Under these conditions, hyperactivation does not immediately follow a subdued state of motion [as in the rabbit oviduct in vivo, Cooper et al, 1979;Overstreet et al, 1980; Johnson et al, 19811 but, rather, emerges in sperm that have already been swimming vigorously.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Sperm Migration 457mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Later studies referred to less progressive, more highly curved whiplash or figure-of-eight motions and began to measure flagellar beat parameters [Katz et al, 1978b; Suarez et al, 19841. Still later, the maximal flagellar bending was related to the orientation of the hook of the sperm head [Ishijima et al, 1986; Drobnis et al, 1988b,c,d). We have begun to appreciate that the population of hyperactivated sperm exhibits a diversity of movement patterns, both within and among cells.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Sperm Migration 459mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Initially, the three-dimensional flagellar beat becomes virtually planar, and the rolling frequency of the sperm head is greatly reduced; that is, the sperm is less likely to rotate about the axis of propulsion. For human and bull spermatozoa, as viscosity continues to increase, the bending in the proximal flagellum is diminished (with lower effective amplitude and wavelength); in the distal flagellum an increase in bending is observed, often as one or more complete waves with very small wavelength [Rikmenspoel, 1984;Ishijima et al, 1986.1 These movements, which are conspicuous in human sperm swimming in unstretched human cervical mucus [Katz and Berger, 19801, are often referred to as figure-ofeight motions, since the distal tip of the flagellum can be seen to trace such a pattern.The specific response of the flagellar bending mechanism to elastic properties of the sperm's environment is poorly understood. When a sperm pushes against a purely elastic material, the resistive force is proportional to the extent of displacement of the material, not the rate of displacement, as is the case with a purely viscous material.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…when the sperm are subjected to increased viscosity in model fluids such as methylcellulose or Ficoll [Rikmenspoel, 1984;Ishijima et al, 1986; Katz, unpublished observations]. The elastic properties of the mucus, which derive from the inherent flexibility of the mucus macromolecules and their interconnections, may account for this discrepancy.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Factors regulating mammalian sperm migration through the female reproductive tract and oocyte vestments

1989

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Mechanisms of mammalian sperm migration through the female reproductive tract and ovum vestments are described. The perspective is biophysical as well as biochemical and morphological, and the focus is upon the role of sperm motility in these processes. Sperm forward progression is characterized as an interactive process between the the cell and its environment, and the mediation of flagellar bend propagation by the physical properties of its surroundings is described. These properties, together with flagellar beat kinematics, sperm morphology, and surface properties, determine the magnitude of the forces generated by sperm and their consequent rate of progression. Sperm interactions with the cervical mucus, the cumulus oophorus, and the zona pellucida are described. The poorly understood affinity of the sperm surface for the macromolecules of the mucus, cumulus, and zona is stressed, as is the viscoelastic structural mechanical resistance of these biopolymers to sperm motion. The kinematics and consequences of hyperactivated sperm motion are presented, with emphasis on objective characterization of such motion (as a biomarker), along with analysis of the mechanical advantage that such motion may confer on spermatozoa during egg-vestment interaction. Key words: sperm, transport, mucus, cumulus, zona pellucida, fertilization INTRODUCTIONFlagellar movement is a fundamental expression of the vitality of a sperm cell, and is essential for its reproductive function. The active mechanism of flagellar motion produces a sequence of principal and reverse bends [Gibbons and Gibbons, 1974; Woolley, 19771. These can have varying degrees of curvature and can be initiated and propagated along the flagellum at different rates. Flagellar bending results in a distribution of local forces and torques against the surrounding fluid. In accordance with Newton's Third Law, these are resisted by equal and opposite local forces and torques. In order to satisfy Newton's Second Law, the summation of the local local external forces and torques over the sperm head and tail must be zero. As a consequence, there Received November 8, 1988; accepted November 17, 1988. Address reprint requests to David F. Katz In a general biophysical sense, mammalian sperm swim optimally; the principles of hydrodynamics and optimal control theory demonstrate that the smooth flagellar traveling waves, commonly seen in low-viscosity media, tend to maximize the sperm's propulsive velocity with respect to the hydrodynamic power output (Pironneau and Katz, 1974). Mammalian sperm must use their swimming ability to reach the oocyte-cumulus complex, and the forces due to flagellar motion assist them in penetrating the egg vestments to reach the oolemma.Our studies of these processes are hampered by their complexity and by apparent variation among species. Some of this biological variation is real; for example, the site of semen deposition may be the vagina, cervix, or uterus. These environments differ not only with respect to their distance from the site of ferti...

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Studies on the eel sperm flagellum. 2. The kinematics of normal motility

Woolley

1998

Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton

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The sperm flagellum of Anguilla anguilla lacks outer dynein arms, radial spokes and central structures. Its characteristic motion has been obtained by studying cells swimming perpendicularly against, but not adhering to, the coverslip. The flagellum generates a sinistrally helical wave of rising, then falling, amplitude. The frequency of the wave, which can exceed 70 Hz, is inversely related to its maximum amplitude. As a reaction to the torque, the entire cell rolls (spins) in the opposite direction to that taken by points on the flagellum in the generation of the sinistral wave. However, because the head (which contributes on opposing torque) is asymmetrical, the axis of this counter‐rotation is displaced laterally from the axis of the flagellar rotation. As a result, the flagellum precesses around the progression axis, with each point on the flagellum travelling along a special flagelloid curve, specified by the ratios of the two frequencies and the two radii for the circular motions. The instantaneous flagellar waveform (the flagelloid wave) is thus derived as a succession of phase‐shifted points on the series of flagelloid curves along the axis of the cell's rotation. This adds complexity to the underlying, rather simple, helical geometry. Calculations suggest that the forward swimming speed of the sperm is greatly aided by the orientation and shape of the sperm head. The movement of latex beads was observed around sperm swimming against the coverslip and around sperm swimming freely. Bulk, vortical flows of fluid were seen in the former case and net lateral displacements in the latter; this is in accordance with hydrodynamic theory for low Reynolds number systems. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 39:233–245, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Flagellar movement of human spermatozoa

Cited by 116 publications

References 20 publications

Thinking about flagellar oscillation

Thinking about flagellar oscillation

Factors regulating mammalian sperm migration through the female reproductive tract and oocyte vestments

Studies on the eel sperm flagellum. 2. The kinematics of normal motility

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