Flächenhafte PFAS-Verunreinigungen in Mittelbaden – Eine Übersicht

Krakau, Christoph; Stolzenberg-Hepp, Katja; Striegel, Gabriel; Teichmann, Rudolf-Karl; Noyes, Daniel; Schmid, Andreas; Reinhard, Michael; Schenkel, Christopher

doi:10.37307/j.1864-8371.2020.06.07

Cited by 1 publication

(3 citation statements)

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“…Many PFAS reach the environment as constituents of waste. For example, near Rastatt in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, large-scale soil and groundwater contamination is the result of application of PFAS-contaminated sludge from production of impregnated paper [53] (see "PFAS contaminated sites" section). In general, product streams are problematic when waste products are collected separately and subsequently recycled, e.g., of paper, food packaging materials and textiles.…”

Section: Pathways Of Entry Into the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, entry of PFAS into the environment and food chains must be urgently reduced. Here, soils and the concentration enrichment in crops are of particular importance, also in view of the climate-induced increases in the use of ground-and surface water for irrigation of arable lands [53,236] (see "Bioconcentration and biomagnification in the food chains" section). Therefore, more attention must be paid to short-chain PFAS such as PFBA, PFBS as well as to TFA.…”

Section: Human Exposure From Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The application of compost made with contaminated paper sludge has resulted in pollution of agricultural soils in the Rastatt and Baden-Baden area of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. More than 1,000 hectares (2471 acres) of soil and 180 million m 3 of groundwater are affected, in part directly by the sludge, and in part indirectly by contaminated irrigation water [53,310,311]. As a result, crops on these lands are contaminated.…”

Section: Pfas-contaminated Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PFAS: forever chemicals—persistent, bioaccumulative and mobile. Reviewing the status and the need for their phase out and remediation of contaminated sites

Brunn

Arnold²,

Körner

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Eur

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Background Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) have received increasing scientific and political attention in recent years. Several thousand commercially produced compounds are used in numerous products and technical processes. Due to their extreme persistence in the environment, humans and all other life forms are, therefore, increasingly exposed to these substances. In the following review, PFAS will be examined comprehensively. Results The best studied PFAS are carboxylic and sulfonic acids with chain lengths of C4 to C14, particularly perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). These substances are harmful to aquatic fauna, insects, and amphibians at concentrations of a few µg/L or less, accumulate in organisms, and biomagnify in food webs. Humans, as the final link in numerous food chains, are subjected to PFAS uptake primarily through food and drinking water. Several PFAS have multiple toxic effects, particularly affecting liver, kidney, thyroid, and the immune system. The latter effect is the basis for the establishment of a tolerable weekly dose of only 4.4 ng/kg body weight for the sum of the four representatives PFOA, PFOS, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2020. Exposure estimates and human biomonitoring show that this value is frequently reached, and in many cases exceeded. PFAS are a major challenge for analysis, especially of products and waste: single-substance analyses capture only a fragment of the large, diverse family of PFAS. As a consequence, sum parameters have gained increasing importance. The high mobility of per and polyfluorinated carboxylic and sulfonic acids makes soil and groundwater pollution at contaminated sites a problem. In general, short-chain PFAS are more mobile than long-chain ones. Processes for soil and groundwater purification and drinking water treatment are often ineffective and expensive. Recycling of PFAS-containing products such as paper and food packaging leads to carryover of the contaminants. Incineration requires high temperatures to completely destroy PFAS. After PFOA, PFOS and a few other perfluorinated carboxylic and sulfonic acids were regulated internationally, many manufacturers and users switched to other PFAS: short-chain representatives, per- and polyfluorinated oxo carboxylic acids, telomeric alcohols and acids. Analytical studies show an increase in environmental concentrations of these chemicals. Ultra-short PFAS (chain length C1–C3) have not been well studied. Among others, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is present globally in rapidly increasing concentrations. Conclusions The substitution of individual PFAS recognized as hazardous by other possibly equally hazardous PFAS with virtually unknown chronic toxicity can, therefore, not be a solution. The only answer is a switch to fluorine-free alternatives for all applications in which PFAS are not essential.

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Section: Pathways Of Entry Into the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Human Exposure From Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pfas-contaminated Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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