FLA11 and FLA12 glycoproteins fine‐tune stem secondary wall properties in response to mechanical stresses

Ma, Yingxuan; MacMillan, Colleen; Vries, Lisanne de; Mansfield, Shawn D.; Hao, Pengfei; Ratcliffe, Julian; Bacic, Antony; Johnson, Kim L.

doi:10.1111/nph.17898

Cited by 36 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…The simultaneous reduction in cellulose and AGPs observed in cage1cage2 mutants raises the possibility that CAGE1 and CAGE2 act on a specific subgroup of AGPs that are involved in cellulose biosynthesis. One possibility is the FLA subgroup of AGPs, which have been linked to cellulose biosynthesis (MacMillan et al., 2010; Basu et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2015a; Ma et al., 2022. In this context, it is worth noting that even a 90% decrease in β‐Yariv precipitable AGPs in the hydroxyproline galactosyltransferase mutant hpgt1,2,3 only had a slightly negative effect on the growth of Arabidopsis seedlings or young rosette‐stage plants (Ogawa‐Ohnishi & Matsubayashi, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, Populus lines with RNAi‐induced suppression of AtFLA11/12 orthologs displayed reduced cellulose levels in stems (Wang et al., 2015a). Recent characterization of Arabidopsis FLA11 and FLA12 overexpression and mutant lines supported a function in response to mechanical stress during secondary cell wall biosynthesis for these FLAs (Ma et al., 2022). A direct FLA role in cellulose biosynthesis was suggested by the observation that orthologs of Arabidopsis FLA7 and FLA11 co‐immunoprecipitated with secondary cell wall CESAs from developing xylem of Populus deltoides × trichocarpa and cotton fiber extracts (Li et al., 2016; Song et al., 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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CAGEs are Golgi‐localized GT31 enzymes involved in cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis

et al. 2022

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SUMMARY Cellulose is the main structural component in the plant cell walls. We show that two glycosyltransferase family 31 (GT31) enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana, here named cellulose synthesis associated glycosyltransferases 1 and 2 (CAGE1 and 2), influence both primary and secondary cell wall cellulose biosynthesis. cage1cage2 mutants show primary cell wall defects manifesting as impaired growth and cell expansion in seedlings and etiolated hypocotyls, along with secondary cell wall defects, apparent as collapsed xylem vessels and reduced xylem wall thickness in the inflorescence stem. Single and double cage mutants also show increased sensitivity to the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor isoxaben. The cage1cage2 phenotypes were associated with an approximately 30% reduction in cellulose content, an approximately 50% reduction in secondary cell wall CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) protein levels in stems and reduced cellulose biosynthesis rate in seedlings. CESA transcript levels were not significantly altered in cage1cage2 mutants, suggesting that the reduction in CESA levels was caused by a post‐transcriptional mechanism. Both CAGE1 and 2 localize to the Golgi apparatus and are predicted to synthesize β‐1,3‐galactans on arabinogalactan proteins. In line with this, the cage1cage2 mutants exhibit reduced levels of β‐Yariv binding to arabinogalactan protein linked β‐1,3‐galactan. This leads us to hypothesize that defects in arabinogalactan biosynthesis underlie the cellulose deficiency of the mutants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

CAGEs are Golgi‐localized GT31 enzymes involved in cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis

et al. 2022

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“…In modestly sick Col-0 infected with CMV, the cell wall component synthesis and cell wall related genes, FLA11 and EXPA20, which are associated with modification of cell wall [ 68 , 69 ], are specifically upregulated ( Figure 4 a,c,d). Regarded as a specific response to viruses, cell wall reorganization affects the spread of the virus by involving apoplast and symplast activation [ 70 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of CMV or 2b-Deficient CMV-Infected dcl2dcl4 Reveals the Effects of Viral Infection on Symptom Induction in Arabidopsis thaliana

Шен

Jin

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Due to the impaired antiviral RNAi, the dcl2dcl4 (dcl2/4) mutant is highly susceptible to viruses deficient of the viral suppressor of the RNA silencing (VSR) contrast to wild-type Arabidopsis. It was found that more severe disease symptoms were induced in dcl2/4 infected with VSR-deficient CMV (CMV-Δ2b or CMV-2aTΔ2b) compared to wild-type Arabidopsis infected with intact CMV. In order to investigate the underlying mechanism, comparative transcriptome analysis was performed with Col-0 and dcl2/4 that were infected by CMV, CMV-Δ2b and CMV-2aTΔ2b, respectively. Our analysis showed that the systematic infection of CMV, CMV-Δ2b and CMV-2aTΔ2b could cause hypoxia response and reduce photosynthesis. Asymptomatic infections of CMV-Δ2b or CMV-2aTΔ2b in Columbia (Col-0) promoted the expression of cell division-related genes and suppressed the transcription of metabolism and acquired resistance genes. On the other hand, immunity and resistance genes were highly induced, but photosynthesis and polysaccharide metabolism-related genes were suppressed in diseased plants. More interestingly, cell wall reorganization was specifically caused in modestly diseased Col-0 infected by CMV and a strong activation of SA signaling were correspondingly induced in severely diseased dcl2/4 by CMV or CMV mutants. Thus, our research revealed the nature of the Arabidopsis–CMV interaction at the transcriptome level and could provide new clues in symptom development and antiviral defense in plants.

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“…Eleven gene families related to cell wall structure modification were involved in different cell wall structure modification processes. The CESA , CSL , FLA , PGIP , PG , PLL , and SKS family genes can affect the integrity and structural characteristics of the cell wall and change the adhesion state of cells [ 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 ]. Expansin encoded by EXP is a key regulator of cell wall extension during plant growth that upregulates expression and can promote cell wall relaxation and extension [ 76 , 77 , 78 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome Analysis of Air Space-Type Variegation Formation in Trifolium pratense

Zhang

Zou

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Air space-type variegation is the most diverse among the species of known variegated leaf plants and is caused by conspicuous intercellular spaces between the epidermal and palisade cells and among the palisade cells at non-green areas. Trifolium pratense, a species in Fabaceae with V-shaped air space-type variegation, was selected to explore the application potential of variegated leaf plants and accumulate basic data on the molecular regulatory mechanism and evolutionary history of leaf variegation. We performed comparative transcriptome analysis on young and adult leaflets of variegated and green plants and identified 43 candidate genes related to air space-type variegation formation. Most of the genes were related to cell-wall structure modification (CESA, CSL, EXP, FLA, PG, PGIP, PLL, PME, RGP, SKS, and XTH family genes), followed by photosynthesis (LHCB subfamily, RBCS, GOX, and AGT family genes), redox (2OG and GSH family genes), and nitrogen metabolism (NodGS family genes). Other genes were related to photooxidation, protein interaction, and protease degradation systems. The downregulated expression of light-responsive LHCB subfamily genes and the upregulated expression of the genes involved in cell-wall structure modification were important conditions for air space-type variegation formation in T. pratense. The upregulated expression of the ubiquitin-protein ligase enzyme (E3)-related genes in the protease degradation systems were conducive to air space-type variegation formation. Because these family genes are necessary for plant growth and development, the mechanism of the leaf variegation formation in T. pratense might be a widely existing regulation in air space-type variegation in nature.

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FLA11 and FLA12 glycoproteins fine‐tune stem secondary wall properties in response to mechanical stresses

Cited by 36 publications

References 86 publications

CAGEs are Golgi‐localized GT31 enzymes involved in cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis

CAGEs are Golgi‐localized GT31 enzymes involved in cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of CMV or 2b-Deficient CMV-Infected dcl2dcl4 Reveals the Effects of Viral Infection on Symptom Induction in Arabidopsis thaliana

Transcriptome Analysis of Air Space-Type Variegation Formation in Trifolium pratense

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