Five years of surveying with the Very Low Frequency—Electro magnetics method

Paterson, Norman R.; Ronka, Vaino

doi:10.1016/0016-7142(71)90085-8

Cited by 130 publications

(55 citation statements)

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“…VLF-EM (very low-frequency electromagnetic) is a cheap and rapid tool for reconnaissance mapping of electrical conductive structures, commonly identifying mineralised bodies and water-bearing features (Reynolds 1997;Paterson and Ronka 1971). VLF transmission is primarily used by military communication, with VLF transmitters distributed around the world (most located in Europe and North America).…”

Section: Geophysical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resistivity mapping as a tool for identification and characterisation of weakness zones in crystalline bedrock: definition and testing of an interpretational model

Rønning

Ganerød

Dalsegg

et al. 2013

Bull Eng Geol Environ

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In recent years, the focus on feasibility studies for tunnels has increased in Norway. Traditionally, the refraction seismic method and the very low-frequency electromagnetic method (VLF-EM) have been used. The Geological Survey of Norway introduced the electrical resistivity traversing method (ERT) in feasibility studies for tunnel construction purposes. Resistivity modelling shows that the method has the potential to characterise fracture zones geometrically; i.e., the thickness, dip, and depth extent. Based on previous studies, a model for mineralogical characterisation is proposed. This model, and the possibility for geometrical characterisation, is critically tested with success on three tunnel projects. The results of the comparison study, with regards to weakness zones, show that VLF-EM is a method that is capable of locating fracture zones, while refraction seismic is capable of locating and indicating the width of the zone, and can be used to imply the thickness of the soil cover above bedrock. The 2D resistivity method is able to locate the weakness zone, indicate the width, depth extent, and the dip of the zone, and in addition, characterise the zone with respect to stability or water problems. The crystalline bedrock characterisation is divided into three groups: resistivity values above 3,000 X m indicating good rock quality, values between 3,000 and 500 X m indicating bedrock with mainly water problems, while values \500 X m indicate clay-bearing, unstable rock with fewer water problems. From our investigations, we conclude that the 2D resistivity method is a very good supplement to traditional methods for feasibility studies on tunnelling purposes in crystalline rock.

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Section: Geophysical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8, Rønning et al 2009b). The VLF-EM profile gives a clear indication of the unstable zone with a significant dip anomaly of 10°peak-peak (Paterson and Ronka 1971; middle profile in Fig. 8).…”

Section: The Hanekleiv Tunnel At E 18 In Vestfold Countymentioning

confidence: 97%

Resistivity mapping as a tool for identification and characterisation of weakness zones in crystalline bedrock: definition and testing of an interpretational model

Rønning

Ganerød

Dalsegg

et al. 2013

Bull Eng Geol Environ

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“…[12,13]) and therefore it can be applied for geological mapping. This method utilizes the carrier waves of some very powerful VLF stations located at several points around the globe.…”

Section: Features Of the Vlf Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geological mapping by geobotanical and geophysical means: a case study from the Bükk Mountains (NE Hungary)

Németh

Pethő

2009

Open Geosciences

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Geological mapping of an unexposed area can be supported by indirect methods. Among these, the use of mushrooms as geobotanical indicators and the shallow-penetration electromagnetic VLF method proved to be useful in the Bükk Mountains. Mushrooms have not been applied to geological mapping before. Common species like Boletus edulis and Leccinum aurantiacum are correlated with siliciclastic and magmatic formations while Calocybe gambosa is correlated with limestone. The validity of this correlation observed in the eastern part of the Bükk Mts. was controlled on a site where there was an indicated (by the mushrooms only) but unexposed occurrence of siliciclastic rocks not mapped before. The extent and structure of this occurrence were explored with the VLF survey and a trial-and-error method was applied for the interpretation. This case study presented here demonstrates the effectiveness of the combination of these relatively simple and inexpensive methods.

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“…and Preston, A.M.1988 [4] ; Paterson and Ronka 1971 [5] ; Pedersen, 2002 [6] ; and Sundararajan et. al., 1996 [7] ).…”

Section: …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Introduction:-mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Quantitative Analysis of VLF Data for Groundwater Exploration in a Hardrock Terrain in Osmania University Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India.

Kumar¹,

Ramadass²,

Jagadish³

2016

IJAR

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The uncertainty principle is a fundamental principle in theoretical physics, such as quantum mechanics and classical mechanics. It plays a prime role in signal processing, including optics, where a signal is to be analyzed simultaneously in both domains; for instance, in harmonic analysis, both time and frequency domains, and in quantum mechanics, both time and momentum. On the other hand, many mathematicians, physicists, and other related domain researchers have paid more attention to the octonion-related integral transforms in recent years. In this paper, we define important properties of the windowed octonion linear canonical transform (WOCLCT), such as inversion, linearity, parity, shifting, and the relationship between OCLCT and WOCLCT. Further, we derived sharp Pitt's and sharp Young-Hausdorff inequalities for 3D WOCLCT. We obtain the logarithmic uncertainty principle for the 3D WOCLCT. Furthermore, Heisenberg's and Donoho-Stark's uncertainty principles are derived for WOCLCT, and the potential applications of WOCLCT are also discussed.

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Five years of surveying with the Very Low Frequency—Electro magnetics method

Cited by 130 publications

References 1 publication

Resistivity mapping as a tool for identification and characterisation of weakness zones in crystalline bedrock: definition and testing of an interpretational model

Resistivity mapping as a tool for identification and characterisation of weakness zones in crystalline bedrock: definition and testing of an interpretational model

Geological mapping by geobotanical and geophysical means: a case study from the Bükk Mountains (NE Hungary)

A Quantitative Analysis of VLF Data for Groundwater Exploration in a Hardrock Terrain in Osmania University Campus, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India.

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