“…As distinct from the talk delivered as the Warton Lecture, I have chosen to focus the second half of this essay in-depth on two individuals discussed in that talk, rather than moving between a larger number of examples but with brief attention to each. My arguments throughout rest on the foundational scholarship on working-class poetic cultures produced by Martha Vicinus (1974), Brian Maidment (1987), Florence Boos (2008), Michael Sanders (2009) (co-investigator on this project), Andrew Hobbs (2012Hobbs ( , 2019, and others, and on the recent findings of related projects, such as Simon Rennie's 'The Poetry of the Cotton Famine'. 1 As these scholars have demonstrated, and as I argue myself elsewhere, working-class poets in Scotland and the North of England wrote poetry for many reasons.…”