“…where τ F = col[τ 1 ,…, τ 5 ]R 15 is the joint torque of the haptic finger, J F is a Jacobian, F = col[F 1 ,…, F 5 ]R 15 is a force at the fingertip, F d =col[F d1 ,…, F d5 ]R 15 is the desired force, F e = F d F, q f = col[q 1 ,…, q 5 ]R 15 is a joint angle of the haptic finger, and K i , i = 1, 2, 3 is the positive feedback gain matrix [21]. In (2), the third term is a feed-forward term for the reaction force and the last term is the velocity feedback to employ the active damping.…”