A unique characteristic of the biotechnology industry is its heavy reliance on continuous research & development (R&D). To explore the interdependence of science and commercialisation in the context of the biotechnology industry, this thesis built on expertise within the University of Queensland's Institute for Molecular Bioscience and the UQ Business School. It used a interdisciplinary approach, undertaking both (1) scientific discovery, in the area of disulfide-rich peptide based molecules with therapeutic potential, and (2) a longitudinal analysis of Business Model (BM) framework components, to better understand the research underpinning, and successful commercialisation of, novel therapeutics.Chapters 2 to 5 of the thesis describe research on naturally occurring cyclic (plant) and open -chain (Anuran) disulfide rich molecules, with serine protease inhibitory (primarily, trypsin) activity. MCoTI-II and SFTI-1 are ultra-stable cyclic peptides derived from plants seeds and are potent trypsin inhibitors. In Chapter 2, these peptides were studied for their inhibitory activity against another serine protease, matriptase. Matriptase is over-expressed in several carcinomas, and has been reported to play a role in cancer progression. Mutagenesis studies on MCoTI-II and SFTI-1 have provided insight into their structure-activity relationship, resulting in the design of the most potent matriptase inhibitor reported to date, with sub-nanomolar activity.In Chapter 3, open chain peptides, from frog skin secretions, with high sequence and structural similarity to SFTI-1, termed SFTI-1 like frog (SLF) peptides, were investigated. They have been reported to have both trypsin inhibitory and antimicrobial activity, which inspired us to further validate their antimicrobial properties in an animal model to treat Staphylococcal skin infection. Three SLF peptides (ORB, ORB2K and pYR) were found to have promising activity. Although cyclization of the SLF peptides was found to improve serum stability, it resulted in decreased efficacy against S. aureus. Nonetheless, this study opened doors to apply serine protease inhibitors to treat infections. Chapter 4 explored the used of related molecules in the inhibition of melanocortin (1 -5) receptors (MCR), which are recognised as drug targets because of their role in diseases such as inflammation, obesity and skin disease. Here, I showed that SFTI-1 had moderate activity against iii MCRs and, based on this result, I subsequently tested SLF peptides against MCR subtypes. Three novel SFL peptides (ORB, ORB2K and ranacyclin-T) exhibited promising antagonistic subtype selectivity.One of the limitations of peptides as drugs is high manufacturing costs, but their production in plants could potentially resolve this issue. Understanding the biosynthesis of MCoTI-II and SFTI-1 could facilitate the production of designer peptides in genetically modified plants. In Chapter 5, the biosynthesis of MCoTI-II was investigated. The enzyme, Asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) was found to play a cruc...