Fitzpatrick Skin Type, Individual Typology Angle, and Melanin Index in an African Population

Wilkes, Marcus; Wright, Caradee Y.; Plessis, Johan du; Reeder, Anthony I.

doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.0351

Cited by 71 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The population of South Africa is multi-ethnic and complex, with phototypes ranging from deeply pigmented to fair [20]. The South African government collects demographic data on four ethnic groups: in 2014, the National Census estimated the population as 54 million of whom 80.2% were Black African, 8.8% Coloured (mixed ancestry between White and Black or Black and Asian, with skin colour ranging from pale to dark brown), 2.5% Asian/Indian (frequently termed Indian in South Africa) and 8.4% White [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D Status and Its Consequences for Health in South Africa

Norval

Coussens

Wilkinson

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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In this review, reports were retrieved in which vitamin D status, as assessed by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels, was measured in South African population groups with varied skin colours and ethnicities. Healthy children and adults were generally vitamin D-sufficient [25(OH)D level >50 nmol/L] but the majority of those aged above 65 years were deficient. A major role for exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in determining 25(OH)D levels was apparent, with the dietary contribution being minor. Limited data exist regarding the impact of recent changes in lifestyles on vitamin D status, such as urbanisation. With regard to disease susceptibility, 11 of 22 relevant publications indicated association between low 25(OH)D levels and disease, with deficiency most notably found in individuals with tuberculosis and HIV-1. Information on the relationship between vitamin D receptor variants and ethnicity, disease or treatment response in the South African population groups demonstrated complex interactions between genetics, epigenetics and the environment. Whether vitamin D plays an important role in protection against the range of diseases that currently constitute a large burden on the health services in South Africa requires further investigation. Only then can accurate advice be given about personal sun exposure or dietary vitamin D supplementation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D Status and Its Consequences for Health in South Africa

Norval

Coussens

Wilkinson

et al. 2016

IJERPH

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“…Our findings are in part consistent with a recent study where a strong correlation between MI and individual typology angle (ITA) values were found, suggesting that either of these methods can be used to assess skin pigmentation depending on the relevance of the measurement outcome of the intended study. Determining skin type is necessary for understanding personal risk of sunburn and, by extension, personal risk of skin cancer [32] . Videodermoscopy is widely applicable, non-invasive, portable and relatively inexpensive.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital dermoscopy to determine skin melanin index as an objective indicator of skin pigmentation

et al. 2016

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Clinical assessment of skin photosensitivity is subjectively determined by erythema and tanning responses to sunlight recalled by the subject, alternatively known as Fitzpatrick Skin Phototype (SPT). Responses may be unreliable due to recall bias, subjective bias by clinicians and subjects, and lack of cultural sensitivity of the questions. Analysis of red-green-blue (RGB) color spacing of digital images may provide an objective determination of SPT. This paper presents the studies to assess the melanin index (MI), as determined by RGB images obtained by both standard digital camera as well as by videodermoscope, and to correlate the MI with SPT based upon subjects' verbal responses to standardized questions administered by a dermatologist.A sample of subjects representing all SPTs I-VI was selected. Both the digital camera and videodermoscope were calibrated at standard illumination, light source and white balance. Images of constitutive skin of the upper ventral arm were taken of each subject using both instruments. The studies showed that 58 subjects (20 M, 38 F) were enrolled in the study (mean age: 47 years; range: 20-89), stratified to skin phototype I-VI. MI obtained by using both digital camera and videodermoscope increased significantly as the SPT increased (p = 0.004 and p < 0.0001, respectively) and positively correlated with dermatologist-assessed SPT (Spearman correlation, r = 0.48 and r = 0.84, respectively). Digital imaging can quantify melanin content in order to quantitatively approximate skin pigmentation in all skin phototypes including Type VI skin. This methodology holds promise as a simple, non-invasive, rapid and objective approach to reliably determine skin phototype and, with further investigation, may prove to be both practical and useful in the prediction of skin cancer risk.

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“…A score was allocated for time spent outdoors based on the work by Glanz et al ( 53 ) . Skin colour was measured at the medial aspect of the upper arm using a Konica Minolta M-600d spectrophotometer and individual typology angle (ITA) was calculated for each participant based on previously developed formulae ( 54 ) . Skin colour was then classified into six physiologically relevant groups: ‘very light’, ‘light’, ‘intermediate’, ‘tan’, ‘brown’ and ‘dark’.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms and psychological wellbeing in healthy adult women: a double-blind randomised controlled clinical trial

et al. 2018

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Epidemiological evidence has linked low vitamin D status to a range of mood disorders. However, studies examining whether vitamin D supplementation can improve mood-related outcomes in healthy populations are limited. We investigated whether vitamin D supplementation over winter is beneficial for improving mood-related outcomes in healthy women. A total of 152 healthy women (18–40 years) in Dunedin, New Zealand were randomly assigned to receive 50 000 IU (1·25 mg) of oral vitamin D3 or placebo once per month for 6 months. They completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Flourishing Scale every month. Additionally, they reported their positive and negative mood each day for three consecutive days every 2 months. Participants provided a blood sample at the beginning and at the end of the study for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 analysis. ANCOVA was used to compare the outcome measures between the groups, controlling for baseline. We found no evidence of lower depression (P = 0·339), lower anxiety (P = 0·862), higher flourishing (P = 0·453), higher positive moods (P = 0·518) or lower negative moods (P = 0·538) in the treatment group compared with the control group at follow-up. Mood outcomes over the study period were similar for the two groups. We found no evidence of any beneficial effect of monthly vitamin D3 supplementation on mood-related outcomes in healthy premenopausal women over the winter period, so recommendations for supplementations are not warranted in this population for mood-related outcomes.

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Fitzpatrick Skin Type, Individual Typology Angle, and Melanin Index in an African Population

Abstract: good are skin cancer clinics at melanoma detection? number needed to treat variability across a national clinic group in Australia.

Cited by 71 publications

References 6 publications

Vitamin D Status and Its Consequences for Health in South Africa

Vitamin D Status and Its Consequences for Health in South Africa

Digital dermoscopy to determine skin melanin index as an objective indicator of skin pigmentation

Effect of vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms and psychological wellbeing in healthy adult women: a double-blind randomised controlled clinical trial

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