Fitness Costs of Thermal Reaction Norms for Wing Melanisation in the Large White Butterfly (Pieris brassicae)

Chaput‐Bardy, Audrey; Ducatez, Simon; Legrand, Delphine; Baguette, Michel

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090026

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Individuals were all marked with a specific number on their wings and sexed after they were completely dry. One day after emergence, we measured the following individual parameters: – wing length: one experimenter measured the left forewing length of each individual using a caliper (measures of the two wings are highly correlated in P. brassicae , Larranaga et al , Chaput‐Bardy et al ). – Flight performance: butterflies were tested with a previously described flight performance test (Ducatez et al , ) Briefly, each individual was placed in a 25 × 10 × 10‐cm plastic chamber, which was perforated at its base and fixed to a rapid agitator (Vortex Genie 2, Scientific Industries).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ranking the ecological causes of dispersal in a butterfly

et al. 2014

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Dispersal, i.e. movements potentially leading to gene flow, is central in evolutionary ecology. Many factors can trigger dispersal, all linked to the social and/or the environmental context. Moreover, it is now widely demonstrated that phenotypes with contrasted dispersal abilities coexist within populations of a same species. The current challenge is to elucidate how social and environmental factors will influence the dispersal decision of individuals with distinct phenotypes. We have used the Metatron, a unique experimental mesocosm dedicated to the study of dispersal within fragmented landscapes, to analyze the relative and interactive roles played by ten potential dispersal triggers in experimental two‐patch metapopulations of butterflies. We demonstrate in our model species that some factors (flight performance and wing length) have direct effects on emigration decision, others act only through interactive effects (sex ratio), while a third class of factors presents both direct and interactive effects (weather conditions, habitat quality and sex). We also show that disperser and resident individuals have distinct behavioral and morphological attributes, revealing the existence of a dispersal syndrome. Finally, our results also suggest that the environmental context, and especially weather conditions and habitat quality, prevails over social factors and individual phenotypes in butterflies' decision to disperse. Our approach is applicable to many species facing medium to strong environmental fluctuations, and constitutes a new way to master the idiosyncrasy of the dispersal process. Our framework should also help prioritize the factors responsible for populations' spatial distribution, which is obviously crucial in the current era of global changes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ranking the ecological causes of dispersal in a butterfly

et al. 2014

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“…If multiple environments that trigger diapause are considered, then diapause induction can be treated as a reaction norm reflecting a change of diapause incidence across conditions (131). Similar considerations apply to the expression of polyphenism when families differ in their expression of wing morphs in response to temperature (21).…”

Section: Genetic Variation For Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

What Can Plasticity Contribute to Insect Responses to Climate Change?

Sgrò

Terblanche

Hoffmann

2016

Annu. Rev. Entomol.

399

380

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Plastic responses figure prominently in discussions on insect adaptation to climate change. Here we review the different types of plastic responses and whether they contribute much to adaptation. Under climate change, plastic responses involving diapause are often critical for population persistence, but key diapause responses under dry and hot conditions remain poorly understood. Climate variability can impose large fitness costs on insects showing diapause and other life cycle responses, threatening population persistence. In response to stressful climatic conditions, insects also undergo ontogenetic changes including hardening and acclimation. Environmental conditions experienced across developmental stages or by prior generations can influence hardening and acclimation, although evidence for the latter remains weak. Costs and constraints influence patterns of plasticity across insect clades, but they are poorly understood within field contexts. Plastic responses and their evolution should be considered when predicting vulnerability to climate change-but meaningful empirical data lag behind theory.

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“…Whether the negative correlation between plasticity and variation is enforced by a trade‐off between the two strategies requires a demonstration of fitness costs associated with investment in both plasticity and variation. Although still controversial, costs of phenotypic plasticity have been investigated in a range of organisms (DeWitt et al ., ; Pigliucci, ; Van Buskirk & Steiner, ; Aubret & Shine, ; Auld et al ., ; Chaput‐Bardy et al ., ). In contrast, direct measurements of the potential costs of maintaining variation between offspring, and more specifically of bet‐hedging strategies, are still lacking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Differences in developmental strategies between long‐settled and invasion‐front populations of the cane toad in Australia

Ducatez

Crossland

Shine

2015

J of Evolutionary Biology

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Phenotypic plasticity can enhance a species' ability to persist in a new and stressful environment, so that reaction norms are expected to evolve as organisms encounter novel environments. Biological invasions provide a robust system to investigate such changes. We measured the rates of early growth and development in tadpoles of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) in Australia, from a range of locations and at different larval densities. Populations in long-colonized areas have had the opportunity to adapt to local conditions, whereas at the expanding range edge, the invader is likely to encounter challenges that are both novel and unpredictable. We thus expected invasion-vanguard populations to exhibit less phenotypic plasticity than range-core populations. Compared to clutches from long-colonized areas, clutches from the invasion front were indeed less plastic (i.e. rates of larval growth and development were less sensitive to density). In contrast, those rates were highly variable in clutches from the invasion front, even among siblings from the same clutch under standard conditions. Clutches with highly variable rates of growth and development under constant conditions had lower phenotypic plasticity, suggesting a trade-off between these two strategies. Although these results reveal a strong pattern, further investigation is needed to determine whether these different developmental strategies are adaptive (i.e. adaptive phenotypic plasticity vs. bet-hedging) or instead are driven by geographic variation in genetic quality or parental effects.

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Fitness Costs of Thermal Reaction Norms for Wing Melanisation in the Large White Butterfly (Pieris brassicae)

Cited by 15 publications

References 58 publications

Ranking the ecological causes of dispersal in a butterfly

Ranking the ecological causes of dispersal in a butterfly

What Can Plasticity Contribute to Insect Responses to Climate Change?

Differences in developmental strategies between long‐settled and invasion‐front populations of the cane toad in Australia

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