Fission of metal clusters

Näher, U.; Bjørnholm, S.; Frauendorf, S.; Garcías, F.; Guet, C.

doi:10.1016/s0370-1573(96)00040-3

Cited by 250 publications

(233 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Similar fragmentation pathways were observed in the case of metal, amino acid and peptide cation clusters [4,45].…”

Section: ϫsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…This occurs when the internal energy distribution of the metastable clusters is broad due to collisional activation. The power-law decay, therefore, is independent on the emitted particles, whether they are neutral or charged (see detailed information in [4]). …”

Section: Dissociation Of Multiply-charged Anion Clustersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, when the size approaches the appearance size, only charged fragments are formed. Cluster cations such as metal clusters have been extensively studied during the last two decades [3,4]. Recently, the study of biomolecular cluster cations has become an active research field, and much work has dealt with the formation, dissociation, and charge partitioning among fragments of protein cluster cations [5][6][7][8][9][10].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Multiply-charged negative clusters of adenosine-5′-monophosphate in the gas phase

Liu

Hvelplund

Nielsen

2005

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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Multiply-charged noncovalent cluster anions of adenosine-5=-monophosphate (AMP) were formed by electrospray ionization (ESI). Ions in higher charge states were observed when the ions were accumulated in an ion trap with helium buffer gas before detection. We determined the smallest size (n a ) or appearance size as a function of charge state (q), i.e., n a ϭ 4 for q ϭ 2, n a ϭ 8 for q ϭ 3, and n a ϭ 13 for q ϭ 4. The relation between n a and q can be described by a charged droplet model. When the size is larger than n a for a given q, the fragmentation pathway of an anion cluster is dominated by loss of neutral fragments. In contrast, when the size approaches the appearance size, only charged fragments are formed. Cluster cations such as metal clusters have been extensively studied during the last two decades [3,4]. Recently, the study of biomolecular cluster cations has become an active research field, and much work has dealt with the formation, dissociation, and charge partitioning among fragments of protein cluster cations [5][6][7][8][9][10]. Magic numbers for amino acid cationic clusters [11][12][13] and preference for homochirality [14,15] have been reported. Negatively charged clusters of amino acids have also been produced [13].The formation and energetics of gas-phase multiplycharged anions (MCA) is a subject that has attracted much attention [16 -18]. Even though several multiplycharged molecular anions have been measured, observations of multiply-charged cluster anions are few. Multiply-charged metal cluster anions were observed by electron attachment to monoanions in a Penning trap [19 -22] . Here we report, to our knowledge, the first observation of negatively, multiply-charged noncovalent clusters made of adenosine 5=-monophosphate (AMP). The dependence of cluster size on charge state was measured, and the results, are modeled by a charged droplet model. The fragmentation pathways of multiply-charged negative clusters are also presented. ExperimentalTwo setups were applied in the experiments: an electrostatic ion storage ring (ELISA) and an accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS). In both setups, negative clusters of AMP were produced by ESI. A saturated solution of AMP in methanol was sprayed.Detailed information about the ESI source (Figure 1a) is described in reference [32]. Briefly, the source is mounted on the high-voltage platform of the accelerator. A stainless steel hypodermic needle is, via a fused silica capillary, connected to a syringe containing a solution of the analyte. A syringe pump (Harvard apparatus) delivers a constant flow through the needle. A typical flow rate is 1ϳ2 l/min. A voltage of 3 to 4 kV relative to the heated capillary is put on the needle. The capillary is normally heated for desolvation of solvent molecules from analyte molecules. At the exit of the capillary, ions emerge into the first vacuum zone where a pressure of around 1 mbar is maintained. The ions focused by a tube lens go through a skimmer into a second region. The voltage on the tube lens varies from 50 to...

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“…Similar fragmentation pathways were observed in the case of metal, amino acid and peptide cation clusters [4,45].…”

Section: ϫsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Dissociation Of Multiply-charged Anion Clustersmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multiply-charged negative clusters of adenosine-5′-monophosphate in the gas phase

Liu

Hvelplund

Nielsen

2005

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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“…Au 0 19 and Au 0 20 conform to tetrahedral structures with the 19-atom cluster being truncated at one corner of the pyramid-both being closely related to the structures observed for the respective anions. Highly charged metal clusters have enjoyed considerable interest in cluster science because of novel properties deriving primarily from competing cohesive and repulsive Coulombic interactions (Näher et al 1997). Stability criteria and concomitant appearance cluster sizes have been predicted for many metallic systems in pioneering theoretical work based in part on a liquid-drop model (Yannouleas & Landman 1993.…”

Section: (D) Structural Determinations For Other Cluster Charge Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the size-dependent structure of ligand-free gold-cluster ions

Schooss

Weis

Hampe

et al. 2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

112

108

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Ligand-free metal clusters can be prepared over a wide size range, but only in comparatively small amounts. Determining their size-dependent properties has therefore required the development of experimental methods that allow characterization of sample sizes comprising only a few thousand mass-selected particles under well-defined collisionfree conditions. In this review, we describe the application of these methods to the geometric structural determination of Au + n and Au − n with n = 3-20. Geometries were assigned by comparing experimental data, primarily from ion-mobility spectrometry and trapped ion electron diffraction, to structural models from quantum chemical calculations.

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“…[55][56][57][58][59][60][61] 61) where the first term represents the kinetic energy of the i-th electron, and U ions describes its attraction to the ions in the cluster, V H is the Hartree part of the interelectronic interaction:…”

Section: Density Functional Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Theory of Phase Transitions in Polypeptides and Proteins

Yakubovich¹

2011

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Fission of metal clusters

Cited by 250 publications

References 57 publications

Multiply-charged negative clusters of adenosine-5′-monophosphate in the gas phase

Multiply-charged negative clusters of adenosine-5′-monophosphate in the gas phase

Determining the size-dependent structure of ligand-free gold-cluster ions

Theory of Phase Transitions in Polypeptides and Proteins

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