Fishy curves: a case of bias and confounding?

At the heart of the problem - A person-centred, developmental perspective on the link between alcohol consumption and cardio-vascular events

“…Methodological fallacies suggested are: [5,[19][20][21][22] bias in selfreported AC measurement [23], publication bias [19], confounding bias, AC being irrefutably linked to certain socio-economic and lifestyle characteristics known to affect cardio-vascular events (CVE) [21,24]; systematic misclassification error, known also as abstainers'/sick quitters' fallacy [12,25], leading to a reverse causality bias [20]; and residual confounding bias that is often a result of dodgy AC operationalization [2,26,27].…”