Fishes

Abstract

In this Apistes the profile of the face is steep with an abrupt curve over the eye to join the dorsal line, which descends gradually from its summit at the temple to the tail. The height of the body is equal to one quarter of the total length of the fish, and its thickness is equal to the sixth of the same length. The head forms a third of the whole length, the mouth is at its extremity, the jaws being equal, and the gape, which is small, is nearly horizontal.The ventral line is more horizontal than the dorsal one, being even with the lower jaw as far as the anus, from whence it ascends to the base of the caudal, whose height is about one third of the height of the head.The edges of the orbits and two smooth ridges between them are equally prominent and equidistant. The interorbitar space is one third narrower than the diameter of the eye. The jaws, prominent chevron of the vomer and palatine bones are set with close-shayen, vdliform teeth.The slender, acute preorbitar spine reaches back to the posterior part of the eye, and there is a spinule at its base in front standing forwards and outwards. The axilla of the spine is filled by a small slip of membrane. The opercular spine, though conspicuous, is not so long as the preorbitar one.There are four obtuse points beneath it. The operculum has

Places of Trade, Communication and Religion—Important Oases

“…I now fancied I had discovered a new world". 65 The landscape around Ghadamis seemed inhospitable, not only to the English explorer. The Austrian geographer and world traveller Josef Chavanne spoke of the "most barren desolation".…”

“…The town lay in the middle of the desert, not in a highly favoured placelike Tripoli on the Mediterranean coast-but it still managed to offer its inhabitants a prosperous life. 74 Agriculture comprised for the most part fruit, vegetable and grain cropping. The gardens can be imagined as a house with three floors: on the lowest level field crops such as wheat, barley and/or millet were grown; above them, fruit trees and/or olive trees were cultivated; finally, the palms were on the highest level, which gave shade and offer protection.…”

“…76 James Richardson also remarked that the walls looked as if they already bore the weight of thousands of years, and he mentioned the narrow, oppressive alleys. 77 The houses themselves were constructed from bricks formed from clay, palm leaves and lime. Due to its excellent adaptation to the climatic conditions, this construction method is still used today, for example, in the Egyptian oasis of Farafra.…”

On Major Trans-Saharan Trails

“…As Richardson reports, the greater part was a "beautiful broad carriage-road". 4 Sinawin itself in the middle of the nineteenth century drew a bleaker picture, as we can gather from James Richardson's report, which says: "Seenawan is but a handful of date-trees, thrown upon the wide waste of the Sahara, with one or two pools of sluggish running water, sheltering beneath its palms thirty or forty inhabitants. There are four or five spots of vegetation, gems of emerald on the rugged brow of the Desert.…”

7. Critical discourse analysis

“…Because of space constraints, we have omitted discussion of significant work on the news media such as Richardson (2006). We have also neglected interesting branches of the field concerned with more abstract issues such as the nature of discourse and its relationship with language and other semiotic systems.…”