Fish, pots and grain: Early and Mid-Holocene adaptations in the Central Sudan

Haaland, Randi

doi:10.1007/bf01117696

Cited by 74 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Smith (2008a) reconstructs a Kiffian subsistence profile based on lithic and bone technology (bone harpoons were actually quite rare at Adrar Bous - Smith, 2008a) which suggest the hunting of game, fishing and the utilization of wild grains, the latter inferred from the presence of ceramics. Indeed the Kiffians are one of the earliest ceramic-producing cultures in the Sahara (Close and Wendorf, 1992;Haaland, 1997;Mohammed-Ali and Khabir, 2003;Roset, 1987;Roset et al, 1990) and the pottery produced was generally large and constructed from local materials but suggests no specific use (Garcea, 2008), although boiling and the creation of porridges has been inferred based on vessel form (Garcea, 2006;Gifford-Gonzalez, 2000Haaland, 1992Haaland, , 1997. Garcea interprets the overall Kiffian pattern as "a mobile, lacustrine/riverine focused settlement system" (Garcea, 2008, pp.…”

Section: Biocultural Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inference of emergent cattle pastoralism in the southern Sahara desert based on localized hypoplasia of the primary canine

Stojanowski

Carver

2011

International Journal of Paleopathology

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Section: Biocultural Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inference of emergent cattle pastoralism in the southern Sahara desert based on localized hypoplasia of the primary canine

Stojanowski

Carver

2011

International Journal of Paleopathology

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“…If confirmed, this is a likely extension of the bone-point (Aqualithic) traditions distributed across Saharan Africa (Sutton 1974(Sutton , 1977, which included dotted-wavy line and wavy-line ceramics and had more restricted residential mobility patterns (Hoelzmann et al 2001;Kuper and Kröpelin 2006;Kuper and Riemer 2013). Dotted-wavy line pottery and barbed bone points have been previously associated with Nilo-Saharan (Nilotic) speakers (Ehret 1974(Ehret , 1993Haaland 1992Haaland , 1993, who maintained broad, regional exchange networks across northern Africa throughout the EMH (Barich 2002;Mohammed-Ali and Khabir 2003). By the end of the EMH, members of the AfroAsiatic (Cushitic) language family had expanded throughout northern Africa (Ehret 1974(Ehret , 1998Haaland 1992) replacing broad-spectrum foraging/fishing/animal husbandry with specialized forms of pastoralism in the Sahara (Barich 2002).…”

Section: Archaeological Evidence Within the Context Of Regional Climamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dotted-wavy line pottery and barbed bone points have been previously associated with Nilo-Saharan (Nilotic) speakers (Ehret 1974(Ehret , 1993Haaland 1992Haaland , 1993, who maintained broad, regional exchange networks across northern Africa throughout the EMH (Barich 2002;Mohammed-Ali and Khabir 2003). By the end of the EMH, members of the AfroAsiatic (Cushitic) language family had expanded throughout northern Africa (Ehret 1974(Ehret , 1998Haaland 1992) replacing broad-spectrum foraging/fishing/animal husbandry with specialized forms of pastoralism in the Sahara (Barich 2002). However, in the Turkana Basin, specialized pastoralism did not emerge until much later (Barthelme 1985;Marshall et al 1984) despite linguistic evidence suggesting that Cushitic speakers had arrived in the region (Ehret 1974(Ehret , 1998.…”

Section: Archaeological Evidence Within the Context Of Regional Climamentioning

confidence: 99%

Lakeside View: Sociocultural Responses to Changing Water Levels of Lake Turkana, Kenya

et al. 2015

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Throughout the Holocene, Lake Turkana has been subject to drastic changes in lake levels and the subsistence strategies people employ to survive in this hot and arid region. In this paper, we reconstruct the position of the lake during the Holocene within a paleoclimatic context. Atmospheric forcing mechanisms are discussed in order to contextualize the broader landscape changes occurring in eastern Africa over the last 12,000 years. The Holocene is divided into five primary phases according to changes in the strand-plain evolution, paleoclimate, and human subsistence strategies practiced within the basin. Early Holocene fishing settlements occurred adjacent to high and relatively stable lake levels. A period of high-magnitude oscillations in lake levels Afr Archaeol Rev (2015) ensued after 9,000 years BP and human settlements appear to have been located close to the margins of the lake. Aridification and a final regression in lake levels ensued after 5,000 years BP and human communities were generalized pastoralists-fishers-foragers. During the Late Holocene, lake levels may have dropped below their present position and subsistence strategies appear to have been flexible and occasionally specialized on animal pastoralism. Modern missionary and government outposts have encouraged the construction of permanent settlements in the region, which are heavily dependent on outside resources for their survival. Changes in the physical and cultural environments of the Lake Turkana region have been closely correlated, and understanding the relationship between the two variables remains a vital component of archaeological research.Résumé Tout l'Holocène, le lac Turkana a été soumis à des changements drastiques dans l'altitude des lacs et les stratégies de subsistance des gens utilisent pour survivre dans cette région chaude et aride. Dans cet article, nous reconstruisons la position du lac au cours de l'Holocène dans un contexte paléoclimatique. Mécanismes de forçage atmosphériques sont discutées afin de contextualiser les changements de paysage plus larges qui se produisent en Afrique orientale au cours des 12.000 dernières années. L'Holocène est divisé en cinq phases principales en fonction des changements dans l'évolution altitude du lac, paléoclimats et les stratégies de subsistance humains pratiqués dans le bassin. Premiers établissements de pêche de l'Holocène ont eu lieu à proximité d'altitude d'eau élevés et relativement stables. Une période d'oscillations de grande amplitude dans l'altitude du lac s'ensuit après 9000 années BP et les établissements humains semblent avoir été situé à proximité des marges sur le lac. Aridification et une régression finale du altitude des lacs s'ensuit après 5000 années BP et les communautés humaines sont généralisées éleveurs-pêcheurs-cueilleurs. Au cours de l'Holocène tardif, les altitudes des lacs pourraient avoir chuté en dessous de leur position actuelle et les stratégies de subsistance semblent avoir fait preuve de souplesse et de temps en temps spécialisé sur le pas...

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“…It is assumed that the nomads are related culturehistorically to the so-called Blemmyes mentioned in ancient Egyptian texts (Arkell 1961;Sadr 1990;Haaland 1992). While the language is quite different from Egyptian, other cultural features manifested in the material recovered from archaeological sites in the Meroitic area clearly show similarity, especially within the ruling elite.…”

Section: Who Were the People Of Kush?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Meroitic Empire: Trade and Cultural Influences in an Indian Ocean Context

Haaland

2014

Afr Archaeol Rev

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The Meroitic Empire was a powerful Kushite state in the Middle Nile region of the Sudan, lasting from the fourth century BCE to the fourth century CE. In the early phase from the ninth century BCE, the seat of power was in the north at Napata. Influences from Egypt clearly dominated symbolic expressions of royal power in this early phase, but over time, elements linked to different cultural traditions occurred. Here, I explore the possibility that some of these new elements (e.g. the lion god Apedemak and elephant imagery) may be related to interactions across the Indian Ocean involving trade, migrations of craft specialists and the diffusion of ideas.Résumé L'empire de meroe était une puissance Kushite dans la région du Moyen-Nil du Soudan, à partir du 4ème siècle avant notre ère jusqu'au 4ème siècle. Les influences de l'Egypte dominent les expressions symboliques du pouvoir royal dans la première phase, mais au fil du temps, des éléments liés à des traditions culturelles différentes se produisent. Je vais étudier la possibilité que certains de ces nouveaux éléments (par exemple, le lion dieu Apédémak, et l'imagerie de l'éléphant) peuvent être liées à des interactions à travers de l'océan Indien; des interactions commerciales, de migrations de artisans, et de la diffusion des idées.

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Fish, pots and grain: Early and Mid-Holocene adaptations in the Central Sudan

Cited by 74 publications

References 18 publications

Inference of emergent cattle pastoralism in the southern Sahara desert based on localized hypoplasia of the primary canine

Inference of emergent cattle pastoralism in the southern Sahara desert based on localized hypoplasia of the primary canine

Lakeside View: Sociocultural Responses to Changing Water Levels of Lake Turkana, Kenya

The Meroitic Empire: Trade and Cultural Influences in an Indian Ocean Context

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