Fish population and behavior revealed by instantaneous continental-shelf scale imaging

Makris, Nicholas C.; Ratilal, Purnima; Symonds, Deanelle T.; Jagannathan, Srinivasan; Lee, Sunwoong; Nero, Redwood W.

doi:10.1121/1.4787301

Cited by 39 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…However, in addition to the presence of adaptive behaviours, the observed Lévy movement patterns could feasibly be an emergent property of a simple interaction between a white shark and its environment. For example, if prey were distributed according to a fractal (scale‐invariant) distribution, as has been suggested for zooplankton and fish (Makris et al. 2006; Sims et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lévy flight and Brownian search patterns of a free‐ranging predator reflect different prey field characteristics

Sims

Humphries

Bradford

et al. 2011

Journal of Animal Ecology

162

193

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Summary1. Search processes play an important role in physical, chemical and biological systems. In animal foraging, the search strategy predators should use to search optimally for prey is an enduring question. Some models demonstrate that when prey is sparsely distributed, an optimal search pattern is a specialised random walk known as a Le´vy flight, whereas when prey is abundant, simple Brownian motion is sufficiently efficient. These predictions form part of what has been termed the Le´vy flight foraging hypothesis (LFF) which states that as Le´vy flights optimise random searches, movements approximated by optimal Le´vy flights may have naturally evolved in organisms to enhance encounters with targets (e.g. prey) when knowledge of their locations is incomplete. 2. Whether free-ranging predators exhibit the movement patterns predicted in the LFF hypothesis in response to known prey types and distributions, however, has not been determined. We tested this using vertical and horizontal movement data from electronic tagging of an apex predator, the great white shark Carcharodon carcharias, across widely differing habitats reflecting different prey types. 3. Individual white sharks exhibited movement patterns that predicted well the prey types expected under the LFF hypothesis. Shark movements were best approximated by Brownian motion when hunting near abundant, predictable sources of prey (e.g. seal colonies, fish aggregations), whereas movements approximating truncated Le´vy flights were present when searching for sparsely distributed or potentially difficult-to-detect prey in oceanic or shelf environments, respectively. 4. That movement patterns approximated by truncated Le´vy flights and Brownian behaviour were present in the predicted prey fields indicates search strategies adopted by white sharks appear to be the most efficient ones for encountering prey in the habitats where such patterns are observed. This suggests that C. carcharias appears capable of exhibiting search patterns that are approximated as optimal in response to encountered changes in prey type and abundance, and across diverse marine habitats, from the surf zone to the deep ocean. 5. Our results provide some support for the LFF hypothesis. However, it is possible that the observed Le´vy patterns of white sharks may not arise from an adaptive behaviour but could be an emergent property arising from simple, straight-line movements between complex (e.g. fractal) distributions of prey. Experimental studies are needed in vertebrates to test for the presence of Le´vy behaviour patterns in the absence of complex prey distributions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lévy flight and Brownian search patterns of a free‐ranging predator reflect different prey field characteristics

Sims

Humphries

Bradford

et al. 2011

Journal of Animal Ecology

162

193

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“…Molecular and genetic-based analysis provides information on the degree of mixing of populations (Carvalho & Hauser, 1994;Manel et al, 2003). We can monitor the physiology, behavior, growth, and energetic status of free-ranging animals on increasingly fine temporal and spatial scales through a variety of methods (Cooke et al, 2004;Makris et al, 2006), including RNA:DNA ratios (Stierhoff et al, in press) and implantable sensors that directly detect oxygen concentrations encountered (Svendsen et al, 2006).…”

Section: New Tools and Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient enrichment and fisheries exploitation: interactive effects on estuarine living resources and their management

et al. 2009

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Both fisheries exploitation and increased nutrient loadings strongly affect fish and shellfish abundance and production in estuaries. These stressors do not act independently; instead, they jointly influence food webs, and each affects the sensitivity of species and ecosystems to the other. Nutrient enrichment and the habitat degradation it sometimes causes can affect sustainable yields of fisheries, and fisheries exploitation can affect the ability of estuarine systems to process nutrients. The total biomass of fisheries landings in estuaries and semi-enclosed seas tends to increase with nitrogen loadings in spite of hypoxia, but hypoxia and other negative effects of nutrient over-enrichment cause declines in individual species and in parts of systems most severely affected. More thoroughly integrated management of nutrients and fisheries will permit more effective management responses to systems affected by both stressors, including the application of fisheries regulations to rebuild stocks negatively affected by eutrophication. Reducing fishing mortality may lead to the recovery of depressed populations even when eutrophication contributes to population declines if actions are taken while the population retains sufficient reproductive potential. New advances in modeling, statistics, and technology promise to provide the information needed to improve the understanding and management of systems subject to both nutrient enrichment and fisheries exploitation.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

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“…A very different application of underwater sound (compared to echosounder surveys) for biological assessment has been the use of the ocean water column as a wave guide with lower frequency sources and receiver arrays. These large-scale experiments cover 100s of square kms which can ensonify multiple schools of fish nearly instantaneously (Makris et al, 2006).…”

Section: Mo' Beams; Mo' Bandwidth; Mo' Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Counting Critters in the Sea Using Active Acoustics

Warren¹

2012

Acou. Today

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Fish population and behavior revealed by instantaneous continental-shelf scale imaging

Cited by 39 publications

References 12 publications

Lévy flight and Brownian search patterns of a free‐ranging predator reflect different prey field characteristics

Lévy flight and Brownian search patterns of a free‐ranging predator reflect different prey field characteristics

Nutrient enrichment and fisheries exploitation: interactive effects on estuarine living resources and their management

Counting Critters in the Sea Using Active Acoustics

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