Fish oil inhibits development of atherosclerosis in rhesus monkeys.

Davis, Harry R.; Bridenstine, R T; Vesselinovitch, Dragoslava; Wissler, Robert W.

doi:10.1161/01.atv.7.5.441

Cited by 210 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Several studies in experimental animals have also shown that n-3 PUFA-enriched diets decrease the extent of dietinduced atherosclerosis (17,(34)(35)(36). Diets enriched in fish oil containing the n-3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) had a protective effect similar to or better than n-6 PUFA, as reported in nonhuman primates (17).…”

Section: Reduction Of Oleate Enrichment In Plasmamentioning

confidence: 79%

LDL cholesteryl oleate as a predictor for atherosclerosis: evidence from human and animal studies on dietary fat

Degirolamo

Shelness

Rudel

2009

Journal of Lipid Research

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Relationships between dietary fatty acids and blood cholesterol and between blood cholesterol and coronary heart disease (CHD) have been widely documented. Evidence of differential effects of dietary fatty acids on serum cholesterol concentrations was first provided by Kinsell et al. and Groen et al. (1,2), who showed that feeding polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the diet lowers total plasma cholesterol compared with saturated fatty acids (SFA). These observations were further supported by ecologic studies, such as the Seven Countries Study, in which strong correlations were found between intake of saturated fat and CHD prevalence (3). Comparison of selected cohorts indicated that the lower incidence of death from CHD was associated with the consumption of the so-called Mediterranean diet, which is enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and poor in SFA. Subsequent epidemiologic studies supported the notion that monounsaturated fat was protective against CHD compared with saturated fat. MUFA effectively lowers LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) while, in contrast to PUFA, provides no HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) lowering (4-6).Recommendations for a preference of MUFA over PUFA for replacing SFA in the diet initially stemmed from the metabolic study of Mattson and Grundy (7) in which plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations were measured in 20 hypertriglyceridemic patients consuming liquid diets enriched in SFA, MUFA, or PUFA. Dietary monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat were equally effective in reducing plasma total cholesterol and LDL-C, while polyunsaturated fat lowered HDL-C compared with monounsaturated fat. Further, within the controversy over the recommendation for restriction of specific types of dietary fat in the prevention of CHD, Katan, Grundy, and Willett (8) suggested that a diet in which the total fat content is held constant, but is relatively enriched in MUFA, offers better protection against CHD than does a low-fat diet. However, as suggested by Brown, Shelness, and Rudel (9), dietary-fat-intervention studies have only been able to show statistical correlations between MUFA and CHD risk factors and have lacked direct measurements of associations with the extent of CHD. In this paper, we review pertinent literature addressing the influence of the various dietary fat-induced modifications of lipoprotein concentrations and compositions and their associations with atherosclerosis as the underlying cause of CHD. CHOLESTERYL OLEATE ENRICHMENT OF LDL PREDICTS ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN ANIMAL MODELSEarly indications that an atherogenic LDL particle is characterized by a lipid core enriched in cholesteryl oleate were provided by Rudel, Pitts, and Nelson (10,11). In three different species of monkeys, and in both sexes, changes in LDL molecular weight as a marker for particle size occurred in response to dietary cholesterol (12). InThe work presented here was made possible with the support of the National

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Section: Reduction Of Oleate Enrichment In Plasmamentioning

confidence: 79%

LDL cholesteryl oleate as a predictor for atherosclerosis: evidence from human and animal studies on dietary fat

Degirolamo

Shelness

Rudel

2009

Journal of Lipid Research

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“…In rhesus monkeys fed either fish-oil cholesterol or cholesterol diets, the fish-oil group has reductions in serum cholesterol, aortic intimal atherosderosis, and atherosderotic plaque size. 51 Similarly, the cynomolgus monkey on a hypercholesterolemic diet supplemented with fish-oil shows reduction in severity of atherosclerosis in the aorta, coronary, and common carotid artery; however, the carotid bifurcation has more severe atherosderosis. 52 Also, Japanese quail fed a hypercholesterolemic diet and supplemented with fish-oil have reduced serum cholesterol and no early genesis of coronary artery atherosderosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acid on serum lipids, platelet function, and atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits.

et al. 1989

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Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to lower plasma cholesterol and triglycerlde concentrations In humans. However, the effects of these fatty acids on the Interactions among llpld concentrations, platelet activity, and atherogenesls have not been characterized In humans or In animals with low density llpoproteln (LDL) receptor deficiencies. To test the hypothesis that omega-3 fatty adds exert a protective effect In LDL receptor-deficient animals by lowering hyperlipldemla, reducing platelet aggregation, and reducing the severity of atherosclerosis, we evaluated young homozygous Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits that were fed omega-3 fatty adds. One-month-old male and female WHHL rabbits were placed on either a control diet (standard laboratory rabbit chow) or a diet supplemented with Menhaden fish oil (MFO), which contained elcosapentaenolc acid (EPA). Consumption measurements during the 5 months of the study Indicated that the MFO-fed group received 150 to 200 mg/kg/day of EPA. Six-month-old, MFO-fed, female WHHL rabbits had significantly lower plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (582±20 mg/dl vs. 856±44 mg/dl, control, p<0.05) and triglycertdes (266±21 mg/dl vs. 459±15 mg/dl, control, p<0.05), with lower serum/plasma llpoproteln concentrations [very low density llpoproteln (VLDL), LDL, high density llpoproteln (HDL)] compared to control female WHHL rabbits. Male MFO-fed rabbits had only significantly lower VLDLs (46±9 mg/dl) compared to control male WHHL rabbits (156±9 mg/dl, p<0.05). The platelet fatty acid composition In MFO-fed rabbits had significantly greater amounts of omega-3 fatty adds and lesser amounts of omega-6 fatty acids. Additionally, the threshold concentration of collagen and arachldonate required to aggregate platelets In MFO-fed rabbits was nearly double that of controls. In contrast, the platelet aggregation response to the thromboxane analogue, U-46619, was similar in both groups of animals. Morphometric evaluation of intimal surface of the aortas failed to demonstrate significant differences In llpld accumulation or Intimal or medial thickening between MFO-fed and control WHHL rabbits, even when the potential effects of gender were considered. In conclusion: 1) omega-3 fatty adds exert hypdlpldemlc and antlplatelet effects In LDL receptor-defldent animals, and 2) despite these actions, omega-3 fatty adds do not reduce the severity of atherosclerosis In WHHL rabbits. (Arteriosclerosis 9:529-537, July/August 1989)

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“…The health implication of an increased n-3 VLCPUFA intake is therefore not unequivocal. The diverging results of trials in which animals were fed n-3 VLCPUFA further underscore this uncertainty (Weiner et al, 1986;Davis et al, 1987;Fincham et al, 1991;Barbeau et al, 1997). Accordingly, it is still a controversial issue whether ®sh protects against CHD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality. A systematic review of prospective cohort studies

Marckmann¹,

1999

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Objectives: To review all prospective cohort studies examining the relationship between ®sh intake and coronary heart disease mortality, and to assess the strength and consistency of their ®ndings. Design: Systematic review of studies based on individual records of ®sh or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption and coronary heart disease death. Studies were given scienti®c quality scores and divided into categories of high, intermediate, or insuf®cient quality. Main outcome measure: Coronary heart disease mortality. Results: Eleven studies were identi®ed. The cohorts counted a total of 116 764 individuals. Of four studies judged to be of high quality, the two largest (n 44 895 and 20 051) were performed in populations at low risk of coronary heart disease. They found no protective effect of ®sh consumption. The other two high-quality studies were relatively small (n 852 and 1822) and included individuals at higher risk. They both found an inverse relationship between ®sh consumption and coronary heart disease death, suggesting that 40 ± 60 g ®sh per day is optimal and associated with a risk reduction of 40 ± 60%. Results of four studies of intermediate quality support that ®sh consumption is inversely associated with coronary heart disease mortality in high-risk populations only. Three studies were judged to be of insuf®cient quality to be used for drawing conclusions. Conclusions: Fish consumption is not associated with reduced coronary heart disease mortality in low-risk populations. However, ®sh consumption at 40 ± 60 g daily is associated with markedly reduced coronary heart disease mortality in high-risk populations. The underlying biochemical mechanism is not known and causal inference premature.

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Fish oil inhibits development of atherosclerosis in rhesus monkeys.

Cited by 210 publications

References 34 publications

LDL cholesteryl oleate as a predictor for atherosclerosis: evidence from human and animal studies on dietary fat

LDL cholesteryl oleate as a predictor for atherosclerosis: evidence from human and animal studies on dietary fat

Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acid on serum lipids, platelet function, and atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits.

Fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality. A systematic review of prospective cohort studies

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