Fish gelatin: The novel potential applications

Food forensics on gelatine source via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography diode-array detector and principal component analysis

“…The positive and negative signs of the FL (Table 6) or AA plot in Fig. 3a explained the direction of the linear (2021) 3:79 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-04061-7 Table 6 Correlation matrix and factor loading of amino acids in bovine, porcine and fish gelatines Factor loading with bold superscript a indicated strong factor loading in the principal component Amino acid 1 Correlation matrix, R 2, 3,4,5,6,7 Factor loading (FL) 7,8,9 Hyp (6) His The AAs with the same sign were positively correlated and vice versa. Based on this principle, the Hyp, Pro and Leu were positively correlated, and had negative correlations against His, Ser, Thr and Met which were aligned with Azilawati et al [10] except our study (1) did not identify the positive correlation of Ile and Val and (2) provided with His as additional AA.…”

“…Hence, for further analysis in this study, the 16 AAs were transformed using the standardize (n-1) while Glu was converted using log transformation. (2021) 3:79 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-04061-7 The p-value of log transformation determined the p-value after removing 0 pmol/L amino acid Amino acid 1 p-value of Lilliefors 2, 3,4 No transformation This study also recommended the Lilliefors as the best normality test to investigate dataset normality of AAs in gelatine, which was contrary to the study of Razali et al [41] that found that the Shapiro-Wilk was the best normality test. However, Razali et al [41] also found that normality test of Shapiro-Wilk was ineffective in low sample size (n < 10,000) which in line with our result due to low sample size (n = 125).…”

“…Gelatine contains 92% polypeptides, including 18 AAs and 2% salt and 6% moisture [3]. Although the human body can synthesize protein from naturally developed AAs, some AAs could not be produced by the human body; thus, it has to digest the AAs from food [4]. Such AAs known as essential AAs are His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, tryptophan, and Val [5].…”

Recent Advances in Marine-Based Nutraceuticals and Their Health Benefits

“…The marine-originated gelatin is primarily composed of crude protein, moisture, and ash, with some carbohydrates. Its properties are different from those from animals sources which has found some suitable applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, but also for medicinal purposes [ 272 , 273 ]. In 2018 the global gelatin market was estimated at 4.5 billion USD [ 274 ], with an increased demand for gelatin from sources other than bovine and porcine.…”

“…Marine gelatins meet many of their concerns. The viscous liquid state of the marine gelatins at room temperature is both a benefit and an issue, good absorption capacity, the survival of enzymatic digestion products in the gastrointestinal tract, enhanced digestibility, and good film-forming properties are the functional properties that mostly are an advantage of marine gelatins in some applications, particularly in biomedical applications and in food uses [ 272 , 273 , 276 ]. Functional properties of gelatin such as gelling, foaming, stabilizing, or emulsifying ability determine its suitability for many applications in food production, directly or as an ingredient in food coatings, and an active component in packaging material [ 277 ].…”