Fish consumption from urban impoundments: What are the health risks associated with DDTs and other organochlorine pesticides in fish to township residents of a major inland city

Pheiffer, Wihan; Wolmarans, Nico J.; Gerber, Ruan; Yohannes, Yared Beyene; Ikenaka, Yoshinori; Ishizuka, Mayumi; Smit, Nico J.; Wepener, Victor; Pieters, Rialet

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.075

Cited by 36 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Developing guidelines that achieve a balance between promoting health and protecting other benefits, including farmer and fishermen livelihoods and a safe supply, is challenging and depends on adequate health data. The multiple cumulative DDT and HCH exposure is affecting the population in Africa through OCP contamination in fish and other animal-based foods (Yohannes et al 2014 ; Gerber et al 2016 ; Pheiffer et al 2018 ). This exposure must be comprehensively examined to prioritize risk reduction steps and to target vulnerable groups.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to DDT and HCH congeners and associated potential health risks through khat (Catha edulis) consumption among adults in South Wollo, Ethiopia

Woldetsadik

Simon

Knuth

et al. 2021

Environ Geochem Health

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Khat (Catha edulis) chewing is widespread in the region of East Africa. Even low levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in khat could induce public health concern. In a market-based study, from five popular khat varieties, a total of 35 composite khat samples were analyzed for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its main transformation products, and four hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers. Extraction was carried out by quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe method (QuEChERS). OCP concentrations were determined by head space solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME–GC–MS). Every sample contained β-HCH above the maximum residue limit set by the European Commission. For total DDT, this was the case for 25.7% of the samples. The ratios of (p,p′-DDD + p,p′-DDE) to p,p′-DDT were less than one for 85% of khat samples, demonstrating recent use of DDT in khat farmlands. Conversely, the ratio of β-HCH to total HCH varied from 0.56 to 0.96, implying historical input of technical HCH. Assuming a daily chewable portion of 100 g, dietary intakes of p,p′-DDT, total DDT and total HCH by adults ranged from 3.12 to 57.9, 6.49 to 80.2 and 39.2 to 51.9 ng (kg body weight)−1 day−1, respectively. These levels are below acceptable levels suggested by international organizations. Chewing khat showed lower non-cancer health risk, but showed relatively higher cancer risk in terms of OCPs. Because khat is chewed without being subjected to any treatment, uncertainties associated with estimated intakes and health risks should be low. Therefore, this practice is of great concern.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to DDT and HCH congeners and associated potential health risks through khat (Catha edulis) consumption among adults in South Wollo, Ethiopia

Woldetsadik

Simon

Knuth

et al. 2021

Environ Geochem Health

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“…Nevertheless, in the present study, signi cant differences between AM and sh were only found at Bospoort Dam demonstrating higher Pt concentrations in muscle and liver of the common carp and liver of the sharptooth cat sh, but not for the tissues of the tilapia. This can be explained by the fact that both the common carp and sharptooth cat sh are more associated with the sediment and actively feed in and on it [32,33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory and Field Studies on the Use of Artificial Mussels as a Monitoring Tool of Platinum Exposure in the Freshwater Environment.

Labuschagne

Zimmermann

Smit

et al. 2020

Preprint

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BackgroundThe artificial mussel (AM) is a passive sampling device that was originally developed for monitoring metal concentrations in the marine environment but is also increasingly used in freshwater environments. The AM consists of a non-permeable Perspex tube, which contains Chelex-100 resin, water diffuses through the semi-permeable membranes where the metals bind to the Chelex-100. The AM allows for the determination of the dissolved, bioaccessible metal fraction in water bodies without killing organisms, as well as environments with unfavorable conditions for living bioindicators. In the present study, the use of the AM was adapted for the monitoring of platinum (Pt) in a freshwater ecosystem. ResultsTherefore, the elution of Pt from the Chelex-100 beads was optimized. Two modifications to the original method for the use of AMs are recommended, i.e. washing and separation of the beads through centrifugation and elution with a mixture of 4.5 mL HNO3 and 0.5 mL HCl for approximately 2-3 hours to ensure the release of all Pt bound to the beads. Additionally, the uptake kinetics of the AM were determined under laboratory conditions over a wide exposure concentration range (0.1-1000 µg/L) showing highly correlated Pt accumulation in the AMs with the aqueous exposure concentration. For the tested Pt exposure concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 µg/L, the Pt concentrations in the AMs increased during the exposure period of 6 weeks. At the highest exposure concentration of 1000 µg/L, the increase stagnated after 3 weeks. To validate the AM in the field, the Pt accumulation of the AM was assessed together with that of freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminalis africana), muscle and liver tissue of three fish species sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), as well as water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes) at two sampling sites in the Pt mining area of South Africa. ConclusionResults from the present study showed that the AM is a promising tool to monitor Pt concentrations in the freshwater environment at contaminated sites.

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“…Of these studies, 66% solely investigated the presence of agrochemicals, 22% determined both the levels of pesticides present and associated ED effects, while the remaining 12% only evaluated ED effects. However, even though there has been an increase, many of these studies still focused on legacy OCPs, such as DDT, chlordane and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH; also known as lindane), which have been banned for agricultural use throughout the world (including South Africa) ( Bouwman et al , 2004 ; Pheiffer et al , 2018 ). Only a few studies have investigated the presence of currently used pesticides in South African freshwater ( Curchod et al , 2020 ).…”

Section: Agrochemicals In South Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most OCPs have been extensively applied in the agriculture sector since the 1940s in South Africa ( Araki et al , 2018 ) and are known EDCs ( Olisah et al , 2019 ; Martyniuk et al , 2020 ). In 2004 South Africa became party to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and banned the unregulated use of OCPs, although regulated use of DDT as a vector control for the eradication of malaria is still permitted (Bouwman et al, 2004, 2019 ; Buah-Kwofie and Humphries, 2017 ; Yahaya et al , 2017 ; Pheiffer et al , 2018 ). Organochlorine pesticides were the most widely applied pesticides and can be divided into three main classes: dichlorodiphenylethanes (DDT and its metabolites, dicofol, perthane, metolachlor), chlorinated cyclodienes (aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, chlordane, endosulfan, heptachlor), chlorinated benzenes and cyclohexanes (chlordecone, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), mirex, and toxaphene) ( Taiwo, 2019 ).…”

Section: The Presence Of (Legacy) Organochlorine Pesticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a consequence of freshwater pollution, aquatic species are exposed to these pollutants through their food and surface areas (skin and/or gills) ( Olujimi et al , 2010 ; Mahmood et al , 2016 ). This allows researchers to use many aquatic species including freshwater shrimp ( Caridina nilotica ) ( Mensah et al , 2012 ), African sharptooth catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) ( Pheiffer et al , 2018 ), Mozambique tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus ) ( Truter et al , 2016 ) and African clawed frog ( Xenopus laevis ) ( Van Wyk et al , 2003 ; Viljoen et al , 2016 ) as indicators of effects of agrochemical pollution. Since pesticides are chronically present in the environment at low concentrations, humans and wildlife are consistently exposed ( Damalas and Eleftherohorinos, 2011 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Agrochemicals in freshwater systems and their potential as endocrine disrupting chemicals: A South African context

Horak

Horn

Pieters

2021

Environmental Pollution

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South Africa is the largest agrochemical user in sub-Saharan Africa, with over 3 000 registered pesticide products. Although they reduce crop losses, these chemicals reach non-target aquatic environments via leaching, spray drift or run-off. In this review, attention is paid to legacy and current-use pesticides reported in literature for the freshwater environment of South Africa and to the extent these are linked to endocrine disruption. Although banned, residues of many legacy organochlorine pesticides (endosulfan and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)) are still detected in South African watercourses and wildlife. Several current-use pesticides (triazine herbicides, glyphosate-based herbicides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and chlorpyrifos) have also been reported. Agrochemicals can interfere with normal hormone function of non-target organism leading to various endocrine disrupting (ED) effects: intersex, reduced spermatogenesis, asymmetric urogenital papillae, testicular lesions and infertile eggs. Although studies investigating the occurrence of agrochemicals and/or ED effects in freshwater aquatic environments in South Africa have increased, few studies determined both the levels of agricultural pesticides present and associated ED effects. The majority of studies conducted are either laboratory-based employing in vitro or in vivo bioassays to determine ED effects of agrochemicals or studies that investigate environmental concentrations of pesticides. However, a combined approach of bioassays and chemical screening will provide a more comprehensive overview of agrochemical pollution of water systems in South Africa and the risks associated with long-term chronic exposure.

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Fish consumption from urban impoundments: What are the health risks associated with DDTs and other organochlorine pesticides in fish to township residents of a major inland city

Cited by 36 publications

References 37 publications

Exposure to DDT and HCH congeners and associated potential health risks through khat (Catha edulis) consumption among adults in South Wollo, Ethiopia

Exposure to DDT and HCH congeners and associated potential health risks through khat (Catha edulis) consumption among adults in South Wollo, Ethiopia

Laboratory and Field Studies on the Use of Artificial Mussels as a Monitoring Tool of Platinum Exposure in the Freshwater Environment.

Agrochemicals in freshwater systems and their potential as endocrine disrupting chemicals: A South African context

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