FISH and GISH: molecular cytogenetic tools and their applications in ornamental plants

Abstract

The innovations in chromosome engineering have improved the efficiency of interrogation breeding, and the identification and transfer of resistance genes from alien to native species. Recent advances in molecular biology and cytogenetics have brought revolutionary, conceptual developments in mitosis and meiosis research, chromosome structure and manipulation, gene expression and regulation, and gene silencing. Cytogenetic studies offer integrative tools for imaging, genetics, epigenetics, and cytological information that can be employed to enhance chromosome and molecular genomic research in plant taxa. In situ hybridization techniques, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), can identify chromosome morphologies and sequences, amount and distribution of various types of chromatin in chromosomes, and genome organization during the metaphase stage of meiosis. Over the past few decades, various new molecular cytogenetic applications have been developed. The FISH and GISH techniques present an authentic model for analyzing the individual chromosome, chromosomal segments, or the genomes of natural and artificial hybrid plants. These have become the most reliable techniques for studying allopolyploids, because most cultivated plants have been developed through hybridization or polyploidization. Moreover, introgression of the genes and chromatin from the wild types into cultivated species can also be analyzed. Since hybrid derivatives may have variable alien chromosome numbers or chromosome arms, the use of these approaches opens new avenues for accurately identifying genome differences.

Genetic Characterization of an Endangered Chilean Endemic Species, Prosopis burkartii Muñoz, Reveals its Hybrids Parentage

“…The results we obtained with the ISSR and SSR markers confirm the natural hybridization of P. burkartii . However, the various molecular tools available, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) [ 36 , 37 ], could contribute to verify gene or chromosome segment introgression.…”

Fragile Sites of ‘Valencia’ Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Chromosomes Are Related with Active 45s rDNA

“…The D-type and F-type are common in the majority of Citrus chromosomes, whereas the A, B, C, E, and G types are relatively rare and therefore more meaningful for karyotyping [ 7 , 8 ]. In situ hybridization techniques, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), the most reliable methods for cytogenetic studies, are very powerful for identifying chromosome characterization and genome organization [ 9 ]. Invariable and heterozygotic karyotype among sweet orange cultivars were revealed by CMA/DAPI staining and in situ hybridization and the putative hybrid origins of these species from mandarin ( C .…”

Creation of fertility-restored materials for Ogura CMS in Brassica oleracea by introducing Rfo gene from Brassica napus via an allotriploid strategy

“…In the process of distant hybridization, it is necessary to confirm the genomic composition and chromosome recombination of the progenies. Cytological identification, in situ hybridization (ISH) and molecular markers are the most common methods used to analyze genomic composition and meiotic behavior in distant hybrids (Kerlan et al 1993 ; Li et al 1995 ; Snowdon et al 1997 ; Snowdon 2007 ; Heneen et al 2012 ; Wen et al 2012 ; Younis et al 2015 ; Yu et al 2015 ). However, due to the small genome size and high homology between the A/C genome and A/C subgenome, cytological identification and ISH have many limitations in application (Xiong and Pires 2011 ).…”