Fish acute toxicity of nine nanomaterials: Need of pre-tests to ensure comparability and reuse of data

Pulido-Reyes, Gerardo; Moreno-Martín, Gustavo; Gómez-Gómez, Beatriz; Navas, José María; Madrid, Yolanda; Fernández-Cruz, María Luisa

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.118072

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…At least four measurements (10 runs for each measurement, 10 s/run) were taken of each sample. The attenuator and the optimal measurement position were automatically determined in the first measurements of each concentration in each sample, and thereafter they were fixed and used to monitor stability (size distribution maintenance) [ 14 ]. Data were analyzed using Zetasizer Software version 6.34 (Malvern Instruments Ltd.).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing the Aquatic Toxicity of 2D Few-Layer Graphene Inks Using Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): In Vivo and In Vitro Approaches to Support an SSbD Assessment

Molés,

Connolly,

Valdehita

et al. 2024

Toxics

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Graphene-based conductive inks offer attractive possibilities in many printing technology applications. Often, these inks contain a mixture of compounds, such as solvents and stabilizers. For the safe(r) and sustainable use of such materials in products, potentially hazardous components must be identified and considered in the design stage. In this study, the hazards of few-layer graphene (FLG)-based ink formulations were tested in fish using in vitro (RTL-W1 cell line) and in vivo aquatic ecotoxicity tests (OECD TG 203). Five ink formulations were produced using different processing steps, containing varying amounts of solvents and stabilizers, with the end products formulated either in aqueous solutions or in powder form. The FLG ink formulations with the highest contents of the stabilizer sodium deoxycholate showed greater in vitro cytotoxic effects, but they did not provoke mortality in juvenile rainbow trout. However, exposure led to increased activities of the cytochrome P450 1a (Cyp1a) and Cyp3a enzymes in the liver, which play an essential role in the detoxification of xenobiotics, suggesting that any effects will be enhanced by the presence of the stabilizers. These results highlight the importance of an SSbD approach together with the use of appropriate testing tools and strategies. By incorporating additional processing steps to remove identified cytotoxic residual solvents and stabilizers, the hazard profile of the FLG inks improved, demonstrating that, by following the principles of the European Commission’s safe(r) and sustainable by design (SSbD) framework, one can contribute to the safe(r) and sustainable use of functional and advanced 2D materials in products.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%