Fischer‐Tropsch Refining

Klerk, Arno de

doi:10.1002/9783527635603

Cited by 242 publications

(423 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

407

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The insertion into the M-CH 2 bonds and subsequently desorption and hydrogenation yields the cycloalkane and cycloalkanes respectively; which explains the formation of cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons in F-T synthesis [26]. The insertion of CHx groups into the metal-carbon bonds are the proposed the long chain hydrocarbons.…”

Section: Fischer-tropsch Synthesis Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Hydrogen as the second reactant is chemisorbed and dissociated on the metal surface site as well [23]. While it is the case that carbon monox- Figure 6: Chain propagation of monomer units in carbide mechanism during FTS process [9,27] ide is adsorbed more forcefully than the hydrogen on the catalytic surface sites [26]. C 1 intermediate species (MCHx) are formed during the reaction of surface carbon with chemisorbed surface hydrogen atoms.…”

Section: Fischer-tropsch Synthesis Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A review of Fischer Tropsch synthesis process, mechanism, surface chemistry and catalyst formulation

Mahmoudi

Doustdar

et al. 2017

Biofuels Engineering

136

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

For more than half a century, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) of liquid hydrocarbons was a technology of great potential for the indirect liquefaction of solid or gaseous carbon-based energy sources (Coal-To-Liquid (CTL) and Gas-To-Liquid (GTL)) into liquid transportable fuels. In contrast with the past, nowadays transport fuels are mainly produced from crude oil and there is not considerable diversity in their variety. Due to some limitations in the first generation bio-fuels, the Second-Generation Biofuels (SGB)' technology was developed to perform the Biomass-To-Liquid (BTL) process. The BTL is a well-known multi-step process to convert the carbonaceous feedstock (biomass) into liquid fuels via FTS technology. This paper presents a brief history of FTS technology used to convert coal into liquid hydrocarbons; the significance of bioenergy and SGB are discussed as well. The paper covers the characteristics of biomass, which is used as feedstock in the BTL process. Different mechanisms in the FTS process to describe carbon monoxide hydrogenation as well as surface polymerization reaction are discussed widely in this paper. The discussed mechanisms consist of carbide, COinsertion and the hydroxycarbene mechanism. The surface chemistry of silica support is discussed. Silanol functional groups in silicon chemistry are explained extensively. The catalyst formulation in the Fischer Tropsch (F-T) process as well as F-T reaction engineering is discussed. In addition, the most common catalysts are introduced and the current reactor technologies in the F-T indirect liquefaction process are considered. process overview IntroductionThe over-reliance of the world's nations on conventional fossil fuels puts our planet in peril. The continuity of the current situation will result in the rise of a combined average temperature over global land and ocean surfaces by 5 ∘ C in 2100, bringing a rise in sea levels, food and water shortages and an increase in extreme weather events. The global warming, caused by humans, is one of the biggest threats to our future well-being [1]. In addition, oil reserves are limited and these reserves are decreasing dramatically. This reduction alongside the other relevant economic factors affects the world's oil prices. The need to run engines with the new generation of liquid fuels is inevitable. The investigations by the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) published in 2013 expressed a 56 percent increase in the world's energy consumption by the year 2040. Total world energy demand will have risen to 865 EJ (exajoule) by this year. The total world energy consumption was reported as 553 EJ in 2010. The outlook indicates that renewable energy is one of the fastest-growing energy sources in the world; where its usage increases 2.5 percent per year. Despite increasing success in the renewable energies, it is predicted that the fossil fuels will supply al-

show abstract

Section: Fischer-tropsch Synthesis Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Fischer-tropsch Synthesis Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of Fischer Tropsch synthesis process, mechanism, surface chemistry and catalyst formulation

Mahmoudi

Doustdar

et al. 2017

Biofuels Engineering

136

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…3 Moreover, in addition to new large scale production facilities in Malaysia and Qatar, producing tens of thousands of barrels per day, new pilot projects and research programs have been conducted by almost all major oil companies. 4 This growing importance of FT chemistry is primarily driven by the fact that transformation of coal, natural gas (or even biomass) into syngas and subsequent conversion by FT into liquid hydrocarbons offers a convenient route to 'drop in' replacement transportation fuels. Not only is this route not reliant on increasingly expensive crude oil reserves, but, unlike blue skies technologies, FT has a proven track record of commercial feasibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since liquid fuels can be transported by ship, Fischer-Tropsch technology (alongside liquefied natural gas) also provides a more secure alternative to pipelines in less politically stable regions of the world, where natural gas reserves exist. 4 It can, therefore, be expected to be a prevalent part of a medium-term solution to global energy challenges. Typical catalysts for FT synthesis contain iron or cobalt (or in the research laboratory Ru) supported on a metal oxide support (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11 The former is important in achieving improved thermal efficiency while the latter two afford higher carbon efficiency, i.e. less of the carbon in the feedstock is wasted by being converted to CO 2 , CH 4 and small (less desirable) hydrocarbon products. This has become increasingly important in the move to natural gas feedstocks over coal and with the increasing price of any carbon containing feedstock making carbon efficiency a key figure of merit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Recent developments in the application of nanomaterials to understanding molecular level processes in cobalt catalysed Fischer–Tropsch synthesis

Beaumont

2014

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Fischer–Tropsch Process

Klerk

2013

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A Fischer–Tropsch process always forms part of a larger indirect liquefaction facility, which consists of three processing steps. The first step is to convert a carbon source, such as coal, natural gas, biomass, or organic waste, into synthesis gas (syngas). Syngas is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and it is the feed material for a Fischer–Tropsch process, which is the second step in the indirect liquefaction process. Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is the catalytic polymerization and hydrogenation of CO, which produces a synthetic crude oil (syncrude). The syncrude is a multiphase mixture of hydrocarbons, oxygenates, and water. The third step is the refining of the syncrude to products that are traditionally produced from conventional crude oil, such as transportation fuels and petrochemicals. The current contribution deals only with the Fischer–Tropsch process; the generation of syngas and the refining of Fischer–Tropsch syncrude are not discussed in any detail. A Fischer–Tropsch process has three main elements: catalyst, reactor, and gas loop. Fischer–Tropsch catalysis is described to explain the relationship among the different catalyst types, operating conditions, and products. A description of the main syncrude types and their compositions is also provided. Fischer–Tropsch technologies are discussed, with an explanation of the relationship between catalyst and reactor, the tradeoffs involved in different catalyst–reactor combinations, as well as guidelines for technology selection. The role of the Fischer–Tropsch gas loop is outlined, with a discussion of the key elements of the gas loop and how they affect the overall performance of a Fischer–Tropsch process.

show abstract

Fischer‐Tropsch Refining

Cited by 242 publications

References 0 publications

A review of Fischer Tropsch synthesis process, mechanism, surface chemistry and catalyst formulation

A review of Fischer Tropsch synthesis process, mechanism, surface chemistry and catalyst formulation

Recent developments in the application of nanomaterials to understanding molecular level processes in cobalt catalysed Fischer–Tropsch synthesis

Fischer–Tropsch Process

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About