Fischer-Tropsch Jet Fuels - Characterization for Advanced Aerospace Applications

Edwards, Tim; Minus, Don; Harrison, William; Corporan, Edwin; DeWitt, Matthew J.; Zabarnick, Steven; Balster, Lori M.

doi:10.2514/6.2004-3885

Cited by 36 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The DoD, in conjunction with the Department of Energy and Industry, has been working to develop, test, certify and use jet fuels produced via FT synthesis. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] The primary products from low temperature (210-240°C) FT synthesis are typically long chain n-alkanes (wax). It is possible to use the n-alkanes directly as a diesel fuel following separation; this high cetane fuel can readily be used in existing compression ignition engines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have been performed to characterize the use of upgraded FT-derived fuels for aviation applications. [1][2][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Studies with neat FT fuels have demonstrated that significant improvements in thermal oxidative stability and emission production can be realized while superior low-temperature properties can be achieved with a sufficiently high iso-alkane/n-alkane ratio. However, the IPK will not meet the JP-8 specification density requirement (minimum 0.775 g/mL) or potentially other specification and -Fit-for-Purpose‖ (FFP) properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dependence of Fuel Properties During Blending of Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene and Petroleum-Derived Jet Fuel

Striebich¹,

Shafer²,

DeWitt³

et al. 2008

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The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information , 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YY)2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From -To) SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Air Force Research Laboratory SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY ACRONYM(S)Propulsion SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER(S) AFRL-RZ-WP-TR-2008-2034 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESPAO Case Number and clearance date: 88ABW2008-1311, 17 Dec 2008. ABSTRACTThe studies and analysis performed in this report were made to improve the understanding of blending an Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene (IPK) produced from natural gas via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis with several petroleum-derived fuels on the resulting chemical, physical and Fit-For-Purpose (FFP) properties. The IPK had a similar distillation range to a typical jet fuel and high iso-/normal alkane ratio. Blending showed a linear dependence in the specification and non-specification properties with blend ratio. Determination and understanding of this dependence allows for the prediction of anticipated fuel properties during blending and for statistical analysis using historical fuel property distribution data to be performed to investigate expected fuel properties and variability as a function of blend ratio. SUBJECT TERMS Executive SummaryThere has been increasing interest in recent years in the development and use of aviation fuels derived from non-petroleum feedstocks. The motivation for use of domestically-produced alternative fuels is driven by many factors, including homeland defense, military preparedness and economic security. Development of processes and infrastructure to produce liquid fuels from domestic sources, such as coal or biological feedstocks, could significantly assist in achieving this goal. One approach that can be implemented is the use of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis to produce liquid fuels via indirect liquefaction. The primary products from low temperature FT synthesis are typically long-chain n-alkanes, which can be converted to branched alkanes and separated into the desired distillation range. This product is typically referred to as Iso-Paraff...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dependence of Fuel Properties During Blending of Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene and Petroleum-Derived Jet Fuel

Striebich¹,

Shafer²,

DeWitt³

et al. 2008

Self Cite

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“…The commercialization of FT fuels began in the 1930s, but only in the last 15 years has there been a significant investment into new production facilities [1]. Since FT fuels can be generated from any syngas (CO + H 2 ) source [2], the use of gasified biomass to produce FT fuels provides the opportunity for a renewable fuel with significant environmental benefits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The production of FT fuels initially creates long chain n-alkanes (i.e., paraffinic waxes), some of which are partially isomerized to meet jet fuel density and freeze point specifications [2]. Detailed chemical analysis of a natural gas derived FT fuel known as S-8 indicates a mixture of C 7 to C 18 linear alkanes and iso-alkanes with one or two methyl branches [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An experimental and kinetic modeling study of n-octane and 2-methylheptane in an opposed-flow diffusion flame

Sarathy

Yeung

Westbrook

et al. 2011

Combustion and Flame

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Fischer-Tropsch (FT) fuels derived from biomass syngas are renewable fuels that can replace conventional petroleum fuels in jet engine and diesel engine applications. FT fuels typically contain a high concentration of lightly methylated iso-alkanes, whereas petroleum derived jet and diesel fuels contain large fractions of n-alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics plus some lightly methylated iso-alkanes. In order to better understand the combustion characteristics of FT and petroleum fuels, this study presents new experimental data for 2-methylheptane and noctane in an opposed-flow diffusion flame. The high temperature oxidation of 2-methylheptane and n-octane has been modeled using an extended transport database and a reaction mechanism consisting of 3081 reactions involving 608 species. The proposed model shows good qualitative and quantitative agreement with the experimental data. The measured and predicted concentrations of 1-alkenes and ethylene are higher in the n-octane flame, while the concentrations of iso-alkenes (especially iso-butene) and propene are higher in the 2-methylheptane flame. The proposed chemical kinetic model is used to delineate the reactions pathways leading to these observed differences in product species concentrations. An uncertainty analysis was conducted to assess experimental and modeling uncertainties. The results indicate that the simulations are sensitive to the transport parameters used to calculate fuel diffusivity.3

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“…At low altitude this means a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions as water is not harmful there 3 , the effects at altitude are harder to determine. The reduction or absence of aromatics and unsaturated hydrocarbons is expected to yield a lower emission of unburned hydrocarbons and black carbon particles 4 . Especially around airports, this reduction will greatly reduce pollution and health concerns.…”

Section: Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Synthetic Kerosene in Civil Jet Aircraft

Snijders

Melkert

2008

SAE Technical Paper Series

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TU Delft in the Netherlands is performing research into the effects of the use of synthetic kerosene in aircraft. The research program consists of both desk research and tests. In the desk research gas turbine simulations will be combined with payload range performance calculations to show engine effects and fuel consumption changes. Ground and flight tests will be performed to show safe operation on synthetic fuel and to validate the calculations. Measurements during the ground tests will show the changed emissions as a result of the synthetic fuel.

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Fischer-Tropsch Jet Fuels - Characterization for Advanced Aerospace Applications

Cited by 36 publications

References 4 publications

Dependence of Fuel Properties During Blending of Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene and Petroleum-Derived Jet Fuel

Dependence of Fuel Properties During Blending of Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene and Petroleum-Derived Jet Fuel

An experimental and kinetic modeling study of n-octane and 2-methylheptane in an opposed-flow diffusion flame

Using Synthetic Kerosene in Civil Jet Aircraft

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