Fiscal and Monetary Systems in the Mahdist Sudan, 1881–1898

Nakash, Yitzhak

doi:10.1017/s0020743800053678

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Seven provincial Bait el mals were created and supervised by central Biat el mal at Omdurman, which reports on daily basis to the Khalifa and submits monthly budget as well. Also, to ensure efficiency the Khalifa appointed many foreigners in the administration of the funds (about 30% of the staff) including senior finance officials, (Nakash, 1988).…”

Section: The Rise Of Modern Budgetary and Fiscal Institutions In Sudanmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Political Economy of Fiscal Institutions and Macroeconomic Management in Sudan

Suliman¹

2019

Institutions and Macroeconomic Policies in Resource-Rich Arab Economies

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The literature on distributive politics indicates that many low-income countries are saddled with extractive institutions that not only contribute to politically biased fiscal outcomes, but tend to undermine long-run real growth. An analytical narrative based on the critical juncture and path dependence general equilibrium approach is utilized to highlight the effects of the political institutions on the fiscal policy outcomes in Sudan and indicate their mechanisms of perpetuation. The results suggest that Sudan has experience two critical junctures that featured, respectively, the path-dependence of public source of finance and budgeting based on cotton and its eventual destruction. The political patronage appears to be the major mechanism of reproduction of the 'path dependent' state development including the source of public revenue. But, the greater centralization of power and parsonage networks has resulted in problematic incorporation of the rural communities triggering a process of territorial fragmentation that escalated into open civil wars, contributed to the cumulative decline of the historic source of public finance and eventually led to the breakup of the state. The policy implications of these findings are outlined. JEL Classifications: E6, O2, H3

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Section: The Rise Of Modern Budgetary and Fiscal Institutions In Sudanmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Political Economy of Fiscal Institutions and Macroeconomic Management in Sudan

Suliman¹

2019

Institutions and Macroeconomic Policies in Resource-Rich Arab Economies

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“…Malgré la multiplication des champs investis, l'historiographie de la période mahdiste demeure caractérisée, dans la lignée du travail de Peter M. Holt, par une focalisation sur le pouvoir central et sa production normative et prescriptive, que ce soit dans ses aspects symboliques (Searcy 2010), légaux (Layish 2016), fiscaux (Nakash 1988) ou économiques (Saʿīd al-Qaddāl 1986). Quelques travaux se sont cependant attachés à renouveler notre regard sur cette période en se détachant des logiques proprement étatiques pour développer une véritable histoire sociale et économique : c'est le cas de l'ouvrage de Robert S. Kramer sur Omdurman pendant la Mahdiyya (Kramer 2010), ainsi que des travaux d'Iris Seri-Hersch sur les circulations dans la zone frontalière entre le Soudan mahdiste et l'Éthiopie (Seri-Hersch 2010).…”

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Le pouvoir des chiffres : les pratiques comptables de l’autorité mahdiste au Soudan-Est (1883-1891)

Poussier

2020

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Cet article examine les activités de l’administration mahdiste au Soudan-Est et plus particulièrement la production de documents comptables par le Trésor (bayt al-māl) de Tūkar. Il s’inscrit dans une tentative de rééquilibrage d’une historiographie du mouvement mahdiste au Soudan nilotique (1881-1899) qui a privilégié les sources émanant du pouvoir central au détriment de celles des autorités provinciales.Le corpus documentaire présenté dans cet article fut saisi en février 1891 à l’issue d’une expédition égypto-britannique. Il s’agit d’un ensemble exceptionnel car cohérent. En effet, le gouverneur (ʿamil) du Soudan-Est, ʿUthmān Diqna, fut pris de court par cette opération et n’eut le temps ni de déplacer ces documents, ni de les détruire, comme cela put être en partie le cas à Omdurman en septembre 1898. Nous disposons ainsi d’un « instantané » de la production d’une administration provinciale mahdiste entre 1889 et 1891.Dans une première partie, cet article s’attache à retracer les étapes de la fondation de l’administration provinciale au Soudan-Est. Il met en lumière la formation relativement tardive d’une administration structurée et le déplacement de cette dernière, en lien avec les priorités stratégiques du Khalīfa ʿAbdullāhi, de Kassala à Tūkar à la fin de l’année 1888. La seconde partie revient sur la structure de la comptabilité mise en place par les administrateurs du Trésor de Tūkar afin d’articuler le document présenté, les comptes quotidiens en espèces du mois de dhū al-qaʿda 1307 (juin-juillet 1890), avec les autres champs comptables. La technique scripturale employée met en évidence l’influence forte des pratiques administratives égyptiennes, mais également le caractère hybride de cette comptabilité, marquée à la fois par une modernité inachevée et la revendication d’une tradition islamique. Ceci permet, dans une troisième partie, d’aborder ce document selon une perspective quantitative et de restituer les dynamiques qui régissaient les revenus et les dépenses du Trésor de Tūkar. Celles-ci reflètent plus largement les conditions socio-économiques qui prévalaient dans cette province au début des années 1890. La dernière partie est consacrée à l’analyse de l’opération administrative elle-même. Elle vise à montrer que l’effort important accordé à l’enregistrement comptable ne peut se comprendre que si l’on considère ce dernier comme un acte de pouvoir et l’affirmation d’une autorité légitime.

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Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East

Landen¹,

Khoury²,

Kostiner³

1992

Journal of Interdisciplinary History

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. The MIT Press and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the editors of The Journal of Interdisciplinary History are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Interdisciplinary History.African townships into adjacent "independent" homelands). Two comparative non-South African case studies (Windhoek and Harare) are also included to suggest possible future trends, and the editor adds a concluding chapter of prognostications on the postapartheid city. There are good maps and an extensive bibliography.The sixteen contributing authors, all of whom are geographers, adroitly weave together their urban portraits using a wealth of research findings from the last half-century of academic publications and government reports on housing, demography, transport, health, the informal economy, and the evolving "visions" of South Africa's urban and regional planners. The primary focus throughout is on the impact of national government policy on the human ecology of the cities featured (Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, East London, Durban, Pietermaritzburg, Bloemfontein, Kimberley, Johannesburg, Pretoria, and Mafikeng-Mmabatho). Less attention is given to the politics of urban policymaking at either the national or municipal level. Statistics on the density of residential areas by race, for example, nine to twelve persons per hectare in white areas of Port Elizabeth, 400 to 700 per hectare in its black shanty areas, speak loudly of the relative power of the respective groups; but readers will have to go elsewhere to learn how these power discrepancies arose, or how they became narrowed during the era of black revolt which began in 1976. Also acknowledged, but left largely unexplored, are the social and psychological scars left by the callous destruction of families, homes, and neighborhoods, all in the name of protecting a "superior civilization."The underrepresentation of these dimensions of the subject is offset, however, by the authors' success in giving us a richly detailed presentation of the administrative and geographical aspects of urban history. In so doing, they offer social and political historians a valuable crossfertilization of ideas from other fields, particularly a deeper appreciation of the spatial factors that affect conflict and cohesion. For economists and city planners, this study proves beyond doubt that in South Africa's future search for economic justice and social stability, the apartheid city will cast a very long shadow.The issue of past and present relationships between tribes and states in the Middle East has been pondered perennially by serious students as well as pundits writing about the region. This book is a valuable, timel...

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Fiscal and Monetary Systems in the Mahdist Sudan, 1881–1898

Cited by 3 publications

References 5 publications

The Political Economy of Fiscal Institutions and Macroeconomic Management in Sudan

The Political Economy of Fiscal Institutions and Macroeconomic Management in Sudan

Le pouvoir des chiffres : les pratiques comptables de l’autorité mahdiste au Soudan-Est (1883-1891)

Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East

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