First‐trimester determination of fetal gender by ultrasound

Efrat, Z.; Akinfenwa, O.; Nicolaides, Kypros H.

doi:10.1046/j.1469-0705.1999.13050305.x

Cited by 148 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…2 Early ultrasound (12-14 weeks) is also a reliable option when performed at specialized centers. [3][4][5] Invasive testing, either using chorionic villus sampling from 11 weeks or amniocentesis from 15 weeks, [6][7][8] is also an option and allows definitive genetic diagnosis, but both techniques carry a small but significant miscarriage risk (B1%). 9 When used for determination, NIPD has a number of advantages over ultrasound and invasive testing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis for fetal sex determination: benefits and disadvantages from the service users’ perspective

et al. 2012

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Prenatal fetal sex determination is clinically indicated for women who are at risk of having a child with a serious genetic disorder affecting a particular sex. Ultrasound has been the traditional method used, but early fetal sex determination using non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) can now be performed using cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma. The study aim was to assess the views and experiences of service users who had used NIPD for fetal sex determination. In this paper, we report on the perceived benefits and disadvantages. A qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews was used. A total of 44 participants (38 women and 6 partners of participating women) were recruited. Participants' views and experiences of NIPD were overwhelmingly positive. Concerning benefits over traditional methods, three themes emerged: (1) technical aspects of technology; (2) timing; and (3) enhanced decision-making. Practical advantages of NIPD included avoiding miscarriage, and there were a number of psychological advantages associated with timing such as perceived control, early re-engagement, normalization of pregnancy and peace of mind. Participants also valued NIPD as it enabled a stepwise approach to decisionmaking. A number of disadvantages were discussed including concerns about social sexing and increased bonding at a time in pregnancy when miscarriage risk is high. However, participants felt these were fairly minor in comparison with the advantages of NIPD. Until definitive genetic diagnosis using NIPD is available, NIPD for fetal sex determination is perceived as a good interim measure with a number of notable advantages over traditional methods.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis for fetal sex determination: benefits and disadvantages from the service users’ perspective

et al. 2012

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“…Successful management of primary fetal hydrothorax by in utero thoracocentesis with or without reaccumulation of pleural fluid has been reported [1][2][3][4] . The incidence of fetal hydrothorax, either unilateral or bilateral, is estimated to be one in 15 000 live births 5 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We can also postulate that with the development of the scrotum in male fetuses, the phallus/penis maintains an 'upward pointing' position in the late first trimester, making the changing phenomenon less likely to occur or more difficult to detect. This would also help to explain why accuracy of gender determination progressively improves with gestational age in the majority of studies 1,2,4 .…”

Section: Letters To the Editormentioning

confidence: 98%

“…After reporting our findings concerning the accuracy of fetal gender determination at 11-13 weeks using only a transverse view of the external genitalia 1 we have started a prospective study comparing the transverse view with the longitudinal view described by Efrat et al 2 for gender determination. We analyzed 137 singleton pregnancies, from July 1999 to September 2000, using the transabdominal approach.…”

Section: Fetal Phallus 'Erection' Interfering With the Sonographic Dementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the real mechanism responsible for the craniocaudal fetal phallus mobility observed is yet to be understood, its presence may explain why the majority of authors [1][2][3][4] analyzing fetal gender in the first trimester have not achieved good accuracy in its determination.…”

Section: Letters To the Editormentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Fetal phallus ‘erection’ interfering with the sonographic determination of fetal gender in the first trimester

Pedreira

Yamasaki

Czeresnia³

2001

Ultrasound in Obstet & Gyne

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The influence of fetal sex in screening for Down syndrome in the second trimester using AFP and free ?-hCG

Spencer

2000

Prenat. Diagn.

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In a study of 30 802 unaffected pregnancies and 90 cases of Down syndrome I have analysed second trimester maternal serum alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) and free β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin (β‐hCG) and grouped the data by fetal sex. In pregnancies with an unaffected female fetus maternal serum AFP was significantly lower (3%) than in the presence of a male fetus, whilst free β‐hCG was significantly raised (7%) in the presence of a female fetus. These differences led to a significantly higher false positive rate in women carrying a female fetus (5.78% versus 4.64%). In pregnancies affected by Down syndrome the median AFP in the presence of a female fetus was not significantly different to that with a male fetus (0.72 versus 0.73); similarly for free β‐hCG the difference (2.37 versus 2.48) was not statistically significant. Although the detection rate amongst male fetuses was slightly higher than in females (74% versus 66%), this was not statistically significant. Although fetal gender does appear to have a significant effect on maternal serum marker levels, leading to a higher false positive rate in females, in cases of Down syndrome there is no evidence that such marker differences are significant and consequently little evidence for any fetal gender bias in detection rates. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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First‐trimester determination of fetal gender by ultrasound

Cited by 148 publications

References 7 publications

Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis for fetal sex determination: benefits and disadvantages from the service users’ perspective

Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis for fetal sex determination: benefits and disadvantages from the service users’ perspective

Fetal phallus ‘erection’ interfering with the sonographic determination of fetal gender in the first trimester

The influence of fetal sex in screening for Down syndrome in the second trimester using AFP and free ?-hCG

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