First study conducted in Northern India that identifies group C rotavirus as the etiological agent of severe diarrhea in children in Delhi

Abstract

BackgroundGroup C Rotavirus (RVC) is an enteric pathogen responsible for acute gastroenteritis in children and adults globally. At present there are no surveillance studies on group C Rotaviruses in India and therefore their prevalence in India remains unknown. The present study aimed to evaluate group C rotavirus infection among <5 years old children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in New Delhi.MethodsA total of 350 fecal specimens were collected during September 2013 to November 2014 from <5 years old diarrheal patients admitted at KSCH hospital, Delhi. The samples found negative for group A rotavirus (N = 180) by Enzyme immunoassay were screened for group C rotavirus by RT-PCR with VP6, VP7 and VP4 gene specific primers. The PCR products were further sequenced (VP6, VP7, VP4) and analyzed to ascertain their origin and G and P genotypes.ResultsSix out of 180 (group A rotavirus negative) samples were found positive for group C rotavirus by VP6 gene specific RT-PCR, of which 3 were also found positive for VP7 and VP4 genes. Phylogenetic analysis of VP7 and VP4 genes of these showed them to be G4 and P[2] genotypes. Overall, the nucleotide sequence data (VP6, VP7 and VP4) revealed a close relationship with the human group C rotavirus with no evidence of animal ancestry. Interestingly, the nucleotide sequence analysis of various genes also indicated differences in their origin. While the identity matrix of VP4 gene (n = 3) showed high amino acid sequence identity (97.60 to 98.20%) with Korean strain, the VP6 gene (n = 6) showed maximum identity with Nigerian strain (96.40 to 97.60%) and VP7 gene (n = 3) with Bangladeshi and USA strains. This is true for all analyzed samples.ConclusionOur study demonstrated the group C rotavirus as the cause of severe diarrhea in young children in Delhi and provides insights on the origin of group C rotavirus genes among the local strains indicating their source of transmission. Our study also highlights the need for a simple and reliable diagnostic test that can be utilized to determine the disease burden due to group C rotavirus in India.

Changing pattern of prevalence, genetic diversity, and mixed infections of viruses associated with acute gastroenteritis in pediatric patients in New Delhi, India

“…The viral RNA was extracted from the same 10% fecal suspensions prepared for EIA using Trizol method (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) according to manufacturer's protocol. 13 The cDNA was synthesized from the extracted viral RNA through reverse transcription using 50 pmol random hexamers, 200 units of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase, 10 mM dNTPs, and 50 mM MgCl 2 (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). The reaction was carried out at 37°C for 1 h followed by enzyme inactivation at 95°C for 5 min.…”

“…The reaction was carried out at 37°C for 1 h followed by enzyme inactivation at 95°C for 5 min. 13 The cDNA was stored at −20°C until further use.…”

Molecular detection of three gastroenteritis viruses in an urban sewage treatment plant and river water in Egypt

“…Rotaviruses, belonging to the family Reoviridae, are divided into seven serogroups (RVA-RVG), based on genetic and antigenic properties (Saif and Jiang, 1994), of which group A, B, and C are identified to infect both humans and animals (Bridger et al, 1987). Several sporadic diarrhoeal illnesses and diarrheal outbreaks in human due to group C rotaviruses infection have been reported in several studies, worldwide (Khamrin et al 2008;Moon et al 2011;Araújo et al 2011;Tiku et al 2017;Joshi et al, 2017).…”

Genetic and subunit vaccines based on the stem domain of the equine influenza hemagglutinin provide homosubtypic protection against heterologous strains

“…A possible cause might be associated with the lack of simple diagnostic tools and the fact that it usually infects older patients who, depending on the severity of clinical symptoms, do not necessarily attend to a medical care center where a correct diagnosis can be made (Baek et al, 2013;Castello et al, 2009;Luchs and do Carmo Sampaio Tavares Timenetsky, 2014;Tiku et al, 2017).…”

“…pathogen (Araújo et al, 2011;Castello et al, 2009;Luchs and do Carmo Sampaio Tavares Timenetsky, 2014;Tiku et al, 2017).…”