First secondary case of Ebola outside Africa: epidemiological characteristics and contact monitoring, Spain, September to November 2014

Lópaz, M A; Amela, C.; Ordobás, María; Domínguez‐Berjón, M. Felícitas; Alvarez, Carrol A.; Martínez, Miguel J.; Sierra, María José; Simón, F; Jansà, Josep M.; Plachouras, Diamantis; Astray, Jenaro

doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.1.21003

Cited by 54 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Paradoxically, during the field investigation, among the 117 HCWs who had participated in the care of the two infected HCWs, HVW-G was classified as a “low-risk contact.” In addition, she had always used appropriate PPE such as waterproof long-sleeved clothing covering the feet, waterproof footwear, hood, face mask or goggles, double layer of gloves, and FP3 respirator and did not recall any accident during PPE use. Questioned as to how she may have contracted EVD, HCW-G replied “I really can't say, I haven't the slightest idea”(http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/spanish-nurse-teresa-romero-ramos-followed-all-protocols-and-has-no-idea-how-she-contracted-ebola-9781373.html) [10]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ebola Virus Infection among Western Healthcare Workers Unable to Recall the Transmission Route

Petti

Protano

Messano

et al. 2016

BioMed Research International

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Introduction. During the 2014–2016 West-African Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak, some HCWs from Western countries became infected despite proper equipment and training on EVD infection prevention and control (IPC) standards. Despite their high awareness toward EVD, some of them could not recall the transmission routes. We explored these incidents by recalling the stories of infected Western HCWs who had no known directly exposures to blood/bodily fluids from EVD patients. Methodology. We carried out conventional and unconventional literature searches through the web using the keyword “Ebola” looking for interviews and reports released by the infected HCWs and/or the healthcare organizations. Results. We identified fourteen HCWs, some infected outside West Africa and some even classified at low EVD risk. None of them recalled accidents, unintentional exposures, or any IPC violation. Infection transmission was thus inexplicable through the acknowledged transmission routes. Conclusions. We formulated two hypotheses: inapparent exposures to blood/bodily fluids or transmission due to asymptomatic/mildly symptomatic carriers. This study is in no way intended to be critical with the healthcare organizations which, thanks to their interventions, put an end to a large EVD outbreak that threatened the regional and world populations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ebola Virus Infection among Western Healthcare Workers Unable to Recall the Transmission Route

Petti

Protano

Messano

et al. 2016

BioMed Research International

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“…ZMAb half-life is still unknown and as such timing of treatment and dosing still require further investigation. Two patients with EVD in the latest outbreak in Sierra Leone, who were treated in Europe, received ZMAb and survived [45,56].…”

Section: Monoclonal Antibody Combinations (Zmapp Mb-003 and Zmab)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ebola virus disease: An update on current prevention and management strategies

Trad

Naughton

Yeung

et al. 2017

Journal of Clinical Virology

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a b s t r a c tEbola virus disease (EVD) is characterised by systemic viral replication, immuno-suppression, abnormal inflammatory responses, large volume fluid and electrolyte losses, and high mortality in under-resourced settings. There are various therapeutic strategies targeting EVD including vaccines utilizing different antigen delivery methods, antibody-based therapies and antiviral drugs. These therapies remain experimental, but received attention following their use particularly in cases treated outside West Africa during the 2014-15 outbreak, in which 20 (80%) out of 25 patients survived. Emerging data from current trials look promising and are undergoing further study, however optimised supportive care remains the key to reducing mortality from EVD.Crown

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“…The GOJ considered strengthening border measures after several reports of cases in non-endemic countries from September 2014 [2,3], and a large increase in numbers of patients in endemic countries. The case of a patient in Japan who had a history of travel to Liberia but did not attend a quarantine station and visited a hospital without his travel history being noted [8], further convinced the GOJ of the need to strengthen the management of people with a travel history to endemic countries.…”

Section: Border Measures and Management Of People Travelling To Japanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Importation and transmission to non-endemic countries and evacuation and repatriation outside Africa [2,3] forced public health authorities to prepare for EVD even in countries far away from the outbreak.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public health challenges and legacies of Japan’s response to the Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa 2014 to 2015

Saito

2015

Eurosurveillance

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The largest outbreak of Ebola virus disease occurred in West Africa in 2014 and resulted in unprecedented transmission even in distant countries. In Japan, only nine individuals were screened for Ebola and there was no confirmed case. However, the government promoted the reinforcement of response measures and interagency collaboration, with training and simulation exercises conducted country-wide. The legacies included: publication of a communication policy on case disclosure, a protocol for collaboration between public health and other agencies, and establishing an expert committee to assemble the limited available expertise. There were challenges in taking proportionate and flexible measures in the management of people identified to be at high risk at entry points to Japan, in the decentralised medical response strategy, and in the medical countermeasures preparedness. The Ebola outbreak in West Africa provided a crucial opportunity to reveal the challenges and improve the preparedness for rare but high impact emerging diseases that are prone to be neglected. Efforts to uphold the lessons learnt and maintain public health preparedness should help prepare for future emerging diseases, including bioterrorist acts and pandemics.

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First secondary case of Ebola outside Africa: epidemiological characteristics and contact monitoring, Spain, September to November 2014

Cited by 54 publications

References 7 publications

Ebola Virus Infection among Western Healthcare Workers Unable to Recall the Transmission Route

Ebola Virus Infection among Western Healthcare Workers Unable to Recall the Transmission Route

Ebola virus disease: An update on current prevention and management strategies

Public health challenges and legacies of Japan’s response to the Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa 2014 to 2015

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