First report of voltage‐gated sodium channel M918V and molecular diagnostics of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor R81T in the cotton aphid

Abstract

The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, is one of the most important agricultural insect pests. Pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides have generally shown excellent control of A. gossypii, but many populations of this pest have developed resistance against these classes of insecticides. The success of insecticide resistance management strategies requires detailed knowledge of both phenotype and genotype of the target insect pest. In this study, we attempted to understand the molecular status of insecticide resistance in cotton aphid populations in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, the major cotton planting region of China. In addition to the previously reported M918L mutation, we discovered another substitution (M918V) in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC). Moreover, we developed a molecular assay that could be used to detect precisely the R81T mutation in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). This survey revealed that 918L was the predominant VGSC allele with a frequency ranging from 50.0% to 56.7%. Notably, appreciable frequencies (between 10% and 40%) of the resistance 81T allele of the nAChR gene were detected in three investigated populations. The prevalent co-occurrence of both VGSC 918L/V and nAchR 81T indicates a worrisome situation of multiple resistance to both pyrethroids and neonicotinoids.

Virus Diseases of Cereal and Oilseed Crops in Australia: Current Position and Future Challenges

“…Although there are no reports of Australian populations of A. gossypii having developed resistance to sulfoximines or the butenolide insecticide flupyradifurone (group 4D) yet [349], metabolic resistance to these compounds conferred by overexpression of cytochrome P450 genes is present in other parts of the world, such as China [350]. Furthermore, A. gossypii has also been reported to develop target-site resistance to neonicotinoids (R81T mutation) [351]. Resistance to insecticides in Australian populations of B. tabaci MEAM1 (=virus vector bioytpe B) is reported against organophosphates, carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids and the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen, but not yet against neonicotinoids [352].…”

An insecticide phenotypic resistance diagnostic kit for cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera Aphididae)

“…3,4 Consequently, A. gossypiis has developed resistance to a wide range of insecticides, including organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids and neonicotinoids. [5][6][7][8][9][10] Neonicotinoids insecticides, the agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), 6 attack the nervous system of insects. 5 Because of their different mode of action, neonicotinoids have been extensively used to control A. gossypii and other piercing-sucking insect pests.…”

“…17 Therefore, to delay the development of resistance and improve the use efficiency of insecticides, effective resistance management measures need to be implemented, and the resistance level of insect pests to insecticides needs to be clarified in the field. 6,[18][19][20][21] Hence, it is necessary to conduct annual resistance monitoring of insect pests to commonly used insecticides to make a preliminary determination of whether or not a given insecticide can be used and how it should be applied.…”

“…The high infestation and severity of damage by this pest has led to rampant use of chemical insecticides for its control 3,4 . Consequently, A. gossypiis has developed resistance to a wide range of insecticides, including organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids and neonicotinoids 5‐10 . Neonicotinoids insecticides, the agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), 6 attack the nervous system of insects 5 .…”

“…With the occurrence of insecticide resistance, higher concentrations of these insecticides will need to be used to maintain their control effects, but this will inevitably lead to an increase in the frequency of resistant individuals, resulting in complete loss of efficacy 17 . Therefore, to delay the development of resistance and improve the use efficiency of insecticides, effective resistance management measures need to be implemented, and the resistance level of insect pests to insecticides needs to be clarified in the field 6,18–21 . Hence, it is necessary to conduct annual resistance monitoring of insect pests to commonly used insecticides to make a preliminary determination of whether or not a given insecticide can be used and how it should be applied.…”