“…velifera, and T. annulata (De Deken et al, 2007;Mamman et al, 2021;Marcellino et al, 2017;Ouedraogo et al, 2021a;Ouedraogo et al, 2021ba;Silatsa et al, 2020). While these trends have been blamed on the uncontrolled movements of cattle due to trade and transhumance, no study has actually attempted to quantify the role of these cattle movements in the spread of ticks and TBPs in Africa.…”