“…Early life stages appeared to be the most prone to malformations. Many authors have observed an increase in malformations due to biotic factors, among which stress on brood stock during vitellogenesis (Alix, Zarski, Chardard, Fontaine, & Schaerlinger, ; Divanach, Papandroulakis, Anastasiadis, Koumoundouros, & Kentouri, ; Haya, ), genetic origin (Divanach et al, ; Paperna, )‚ or gamete quality (Nowosad & Kucharczyk, ; Nowosad, Sikora, & Kucharczyk, ; Samarin et al, ). Malformations, even when they are not directly lethal, contributed to an increased susceptibility to predation or diseases (Boglione, Gisbert, et al, ; Koumoundouros, ; Koumoundouros, Oran, Divanach, Stefanakis, & Kentouri, ).…”