First Report of Streptococcus Agalactiae and Lactococcus Garvieae From a Wild Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops Truncatus)

Evans, Joyce J.; Pasnik, David J.; Klesius, Phillip H.; Al-Ablani, Salam

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-42.3.561

Cited by 80 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This organism has also been identifi ed in aquatic mammals, both captive and wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) (2,3). GBS causes mastitis in cattle and meningitis in human neonates (4).…”

Section: S Treptococcus Agalactiae Group B Streptococcus (Gbs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

HumanStreptococcus agalactiaeIsolate in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Evans¹,

Klesius²,

Pasnik³

et al. 2009

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Section: S Treptococcus Agalactiae Group B Streptococcus (Gbs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

HumanStreptococcus agalactiaeIsolate in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Evans¹,

Klesius²,

Pasnik³

et al. 2009

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…agalactiae has been found to adversely infect many wild and farmed fish in both marine and freshwater environments (Robinson et al, 1966, Evans et al, 2006. The bacterium is responsible for high mortalities in aquaculture farms, resulting in large economic losses (Duremdez et al, 2004, AlMarzouk et al, 2005, Mian et al, 2009.…”

Section: Streptococcus Agalactiaementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consumption transmission of GBS between fish has been observed, with mortalities of predators ingesting infected prey, both in marine (Evans et al, 2006) and terrestrial environments (Hetzel et al, 2003). This cross-species transmission has the potential to infect many animals, therefore it is important to determine the dominant conserved epitopes that immune cells respond to, and target these for vaccines.…”

Section: Streptococcus Agalactiaementioning

confidence: 99%

Immune defence mechanisms of barramundi (Lates calcarifer) peripheral blood against Streptococci

Masterman¹

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IMMUNE DEFENCE MECHANISMS OF BARRAMUNDI (Lates calcarifer) PERIPHERAL BLOOD AGAINST STREPTOCOCCIAquaculture now supplies more than half of the fish used for human consumption and is a major contributor to global food security. As aquaculture growth must be sustained to continue to supply increasing population-driven demand for food fish, efficiency must be increased. In spite of major inroads in disease control through mass vaccination of farm fish, bacterial diseases continue to cause substantial losses, particularly in tropical and warmtemperate regions where aquaculture is expanding fastest. To develop new vaccines, and improve existing vaccines for effective disease control in these regions, an improved understanding of the mechanisms of pathogen immune evasion and dissemination within the host may identify new vaccine targets. Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus iniae are significant pathogens of warm and temperate farmed and wild fish. Both have a broad host range, express a polysaccharide capsule as a major virulence determinant and cause similar pathologies characterized by rapid sepsis, followed by meningitis and death. S. iniae causes significant mortality in barramundi, Lates calcarifer. Interestingly, S. agalactiae ST261, although causing mortality in wild fish along the Queensland coast, does not appear to cause mortality in barramundi farmed in close proximity. This difference provides a basis for comparison, in order to explore the requirements for blood colonization and sepsis by S. iniae in barramundi, and to increase our understanding of sepsis in fish.S. iniae grew rapidly in barramundi blood, doubling in less than 30 minutes in a whole blood bactericidal assay. In contrast, S. agalactiae was unable to multiply. Moreover, E. coli DH5 was completely killed in barramundi blood during the same incubation period, suggesting 3 that antibacterial humoral and cellular immune defences were functional within the blood bactericidal model. A capsular defective strain of S. iniae also survived in the bloodbactericidal assay, however the rapid proliferation was reduced, suggesting that while the capsule is important for bacterial colonisation it is not the only means used to evade bloodborne defences. As gram-positive pathogens are particularly susceptible to lysozyme due to the dominance of muramic acids in the cell wall, the role of lysozyme was investigated.Lysozyme levels in barramundi serum and plasma were undetectable in a lysis assay using Micrococcus lysodeitikus, indicating very low levels of circulating lysozyme in healthy barramundi.The first responder immune cells in blood are neutrophils and these are critical in the prevention of sepsis; for example, granulocytopenia (circulating granulocyte deficiency) is associated with increased susceptibility to Escherichia coli K1 and Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis in neonates, and this can be partially repaired by injection of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to increase neutrophil numbers (Deshmukh et al., 2014). This critic...

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“…Bay, following a massive fish kill caused by S. agalactiae, a bottlenose dolphin was found dead after feeding on infected mullet (Evans et al, 2006b). The disease could also be transmitted through water (sewage or contaminated water) and be a potential source for infection in Queensland grouper and other finfish in Australia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…agalactiae is also a significant bacterial pathogen of humans, causing septicaemia and meningitis in newborn babies and disease in immuno-compromised humans (Dermer et al, 2004). It also causes mastitis in cows, and disease in wild and captive saltwater crocodiles, dolphins, frogs and lizards (Amborski et al, 1983;Bishop et al, 2007;Evans et al, 2006b;Hetzel et al, 2003;Keefe, 1997;Zappulli et al, 2005).…”

Section: Declaration By Authormentioning

confidence: 99%

On the origin of Group B Streptococcus from disease outbreaks in wild marine fish in Australia

Deboutteville¹

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Since 2007, 96 wild Queensland groupers, Epinephelus lanceolatus, were found dead from Karumba (Gulf of Carpentaria) in Northern Territory to Brisbane in southern Queensland, Australia. In twelve cases, Streptoccocus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) was isolated in pure culture from eyes and internal organs. GBS has been also isolated from other marine species (Javelin grunter, Giant catfish and Squaretail mullet) and caused an outbreak in three species of wild stingrays (Eastern shovelnose ray, Mangrove whipray and Estuary ray) in a public aquarium also in Queensland. These findings have raised public and industry concern over threats to human health from potential transmission between fish and humans, over environmental impacts on other aquatic animals, and over the potential threat posed to the growing Australian aquaculture industry in which, to date, there have been no reported cases of this disease in spite of the devastation caused to the industry overseas. Therefore, my thesis set out to determine whether GBS isolated from dead wild fish in Australia is indeed virulent in Queensland grouper and causative of mortality, to try to identify from where these infections in wild fish originated, to determine potential risk to human health and to other aquatic animals, and to begin to identify mechanisms by which these Australian isolates may cause fatal disease in Queensland grouper. This information may be employed in future risk assessment of potential human transfer, in mitigating further outbreaks in wild fish through understanding origin of infection, and in future development of preventative measures such as vaccination for farmed fish.In order to confirm that S. agalactiae was the cause of the mortality in wild fish, experimental challenges were conducted by injection, immersion and through the oral route. To better understand why these strains of GBS are pathogenic in fish, we conducted a series of cellular immune assays using juvenile Queensland grouper head-kidney leucocytes in the presence of different piscine and terrestrial isolates. Whole-genome sequencing analysis of the piscine and terrestrial isolates provided information on potential origin and potential for transfer between species, and also informed us on critical virulence factors that could be used during pathogenesis of GBS. Moreover, genome analysis gave intriguing insight into the evolution and adaption of GBS to fish as a host and to life in the aquatic environment. To determine putative origin of GBS in wild fish in Australia, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and capsular polysaccharide (CPS) were derived from whole-genome sequences and revealed that all piscine isolates from Australia were serotype Ib and fell into ST-261 lineage first identified in 1986 from Tilapia in Israel. Overseas, ST-261 has only been found in fish and poikilotherm animals, and has never been associated with humans. High similarity and identical point mutations in the capsular operon of the piscine isolates suggests a common source of infection...

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First Report of Streptococcus Agalactiae and Lactococcus Garvieae From a Wild Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops Truncatus)

Cited by 80 publications

References 38 publications

HumanStreptococcus agalactiaeIsolate in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

HumanStreptococcus agalactiaeIsolate in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Immune defence mechanisms of barramundi (Lates calcarifer) peripheral blood against Streptococci

On the origin of Group B Streptococcus from disease outbreaks in wild marine fish in Australia

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