“…There appears to be evidence of horizontal gene transfer, for example, the closely related zopfiellin 4 and scytalidin 15 BGCs are found encoded within fungi from different classes. Many of the known maleidride producers, as well as fungi containing putative orphan maleidride BGCs, are associated with plants, either as pathogens [ 81 – 84 ], endophytes [ 85 – 88 ], or involved in fruit spoilage [ 89 , 90 ]. This might provide a hint towards an evolutionary advantage for the acquisition of a maleidride BGC—several maleidrides are known to be phytotoxic [ 6 , 81 , 91 ], and therefore might be virulence factors; whilst others are antifungal [ 2 , 3 , 92 , 93 ], perhaps providing a defence for plant-fungal symbionts.…”