First Report of <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>actinidiae</i> on Kiwifruit Pollen from Argentina

Balestra, Giorgio Mariano; Buriani, Giampaolo; Cellini, Antonio; Donati, Irene; Mazzaglia, A.; Spinelli, Francesco

doi:10.1094/pdis-04-17-0510-pdn

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Moreover, several studies showed that Actinidia spp. pollen or commercial pollen preparations can be contaminated by Psa [10,[51][52][53][54][55]. Contaminated pollen and pollen-mediated flower contamination (Fig.…”

Section: Relative Importance Of the Different Entry Pointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae: Ecology, Infection Dynamics and Disease Epidemiology

et al. 2020

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Since 2008, the kiwifruit industry has been devastated by a pandemic outbreak of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the causal agent of bacterial canker. This disease has become the most significant limiting factor in kiwifruit production. Psa colonizes different organs of the host plant, causing a specific symptomatology on each of them. In addition, the systemic invasion of the plant may quickly lead to plant death. Despite the massive risk that this disease poses to the kiwifruit industry, studies focusing on Psa ecology have been sporadic, and a comprehensive description of the disease epidemiology is still missing. Optimal environmental conditions for infection, dispersal and survival in the environment, or the mechanisms of penetration and colonization of host tissues have not been fully elucidated yet. The present work aims to provide a synthesis of the current knowledge, and a deeper understanding of the epidemiology of kiwifruit bacterial canker based on new experimental data. The pathogen may survive in the environment or overwinter in dormant tissues and be dispersed by wind or rain. Psa was observed in association with several plant structures (stomata, trichomes, lenticels) and wounds, which could represent entry points for apoplast infection. Environmental conditions also affect the bacterial colonization, with lower optimum values of temperature and humidity for epiphytic than for endophytic growth, and disease incidence requiring a combination of mild temperature and leaf wetness. By providing information on Psa ecology, these data sets may contribute to plan efficient control strategies for kiwifruit bacterial canker. Keywords Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. chinensis. Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa (A.Chev.). Temperature. Relative humidity. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Overwintering

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Section: Relative Importance Of the Different Entry Pointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae: Ecology, Infection Dynamics and Disease Epidemiology

et al. 2020

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“…The BCA ability to colonize flowers indicated competition for nutrients and physical occupation of infection sites, as has been observed in previous studies. Psa can penetrate kiwifruit plants through stigmata and nectarii (Donati et al, 2018), and the pathogen could be transmitted by contaminated pollen through natural and artificial pollination (Stefani et al, 2011;Balestra et al, 2018). Natural Psa populations can also predominate on A. chinensis compared with A. deliciosa flowers, indicating that the flowers of A. deliciosa may be less susceptible to penetration by the pathogen (Purahong et al, 2018).…”

Section: Bacillus Bacteria Have Been Described As Microbial Factories Capable Of Producing Many Biologically Activementioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus-based products for management of kiwifruit bacterial canker

Biondi

Gallipoli

Mazzaglia

et al. 2021

Phytopathol. Mediterr.

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Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae is an important pathogen of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), and bacterial canker of this host is managed by monitoring and chemical control strategies. The efficacy of the bio-pesticides Amylo-X® (based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum strain D747) and Serenade Max® (strain QST713 of B. subtilis) was evaluated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Both antagonists inhibited different biovars of the pathogen in in vitro assays; QST713 was more efficient than D747. The two Bacillus strains also colonized A. deliciosa flowers (c. 105-7 cfu per flower) up to 96 h after inoculation. D747 persisted on leaves (c. 104-6 cfu cm-2) up to 4 weeks after inoculation, during 2 years in Emilia Romagna and Latium regions of Italy. On flowers, the antagonists reduced pathogen populations, compared to untreated (control) flowers. On A. deliciosa and A. chinensis plants under controlled conditions, Amylo-X® reduced severity of bacterial canker, providing ca. 50% relative protection on A. deliciosa and 70% on A. chinensis. Serenade Max® was less effective, giving 0% relative protection on A. deliciosa and 40% on A. chinensis. In a field trial, on A. deliciosa plants, Amylo-X® reduced the severity of bacterial canker on leaves, providing ca. 40% relative protection. The sensitivity of both antagonistic strains to streptomycin sulphate was confirmed by testing the most used concentration where antibiotics are approved for management of bacterial pathogens.

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“…The source of Psa inoculum is primarily the bacterial exudate oozing from cankers (Kim et al, 2016) and also the infected pollen, in particular during the pollination of female flowers (Donati et al, 2018).…”

Section: Life Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

“…During flowering, inoculum can be dispersed further via wind and pollen. At this stage, pollinators may spread Psa from plant to plant (Donati et al, 2018). Systemic infections in spring, occurring from leaf and flower infection, may lead to secondary symptoms (i.e.…”

Section: Life Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Pest survey card on Pseudomonas syringae pv.actinidiae

Vogelaar¹,

Schenk²,

Delbianco³

et al. 2020

EFS3

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This pest survey card was prepared in the context of the EFSA mandate on plant pest surveillance (M‐2017‐0137) at the request of the European Commission. Its purpose is to guide the Member States in preparing data and information for surveys ofPseudomonas syringaepv. actinidiae(Psa). These are required to design statistically sound and risk‐based pest surveys, in line with current international standards.Pseudomonas syringaepv. actinidiaeis one of over 60 Pseudomonas syringae pathovars, and the causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker. Pseudomonas syringaepv. actinidiaeis present in several kiwifruit‐growing areas in the EU and is expected to be able to become established in most or all of them. For surveillance, Actinidia chinensisvar.deliciosaand A. chinensisvar.chinensisare the most relevant hosts.The pathogen is subject to emergency measures aiming to prevent further spread of the pathogen in the EU. The most likely pathway for introduction ofthe bacteriumis through the transport of infected plants for planting and pollen. Once introduced, further natural spread is expected to occur rapidly. Itis most easily detectedby visual examination, although other bacteria can cause similar symptoms. Hence, it needs to be followed by sampling and laboratory identification.

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First Report of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae on Kiwifruit Pollen from Argentina

Cited by 14 publications

References 3 publications

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae: Ecology, Infection Dynamics and Disease Epidemiology

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae: Ecology, Infection Dynamics and Disease Epidemiology

Bacillus-based products for management of kiwifruit bacterial canker

Pest survey card on Pseudomonas syringae pv.actinidiae

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