First Report of Phytopythium vexans Causing Root and Crown Rot on Flowering Cherry in Tennessee

Abstract

Flowering cherry (Prunus serrulata Lindl. 'Kwanzan') rooted cuttings grown in propagation beds containing 40% coarse sand and 60% ground pine bark in a commercial propagation nursery in Warren County, Tennessee were exhibiting root and crown rot in December 2016. Dark brown to black soft lesions were observed in the roots as well as the crown region of flowering cherry rooted cuttings and those rooted cuttings were non-marketable due to lesions. Disease incidence was approximately 60% of 10,000 plants. Phytophthora ImmunoStrip test (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN, USA) was performed and the test result was positive. Diseased plant tissues were surface sterilized with 70% ethanol and washed twice with distilled water. Culturing the affected root and crown parts (1 cm pieces) on V8-PARPH, an oomycete-selective medium consistently yielded whitish radiate mycelial growth pattern with spherical zoospores, filamentous to globose oogoni, elongated, and cylindrical antheridia with constrictions (De Cock et al., 2015) after 7 days of incubation at 25°C in a 12-h fluorescent light and dark cycle, which is the typical morphology of Phytopythium vexans (de Bary) Abad, de Cock, Bala, Robideau, Lodhi & Lévesque. To confirm pathogen identity, total DNA was extracted using the UltraClean Microbial DNA Isolation Kit (MO BIO Laboratories, Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA) directly from a 3-day old culture of isolate (FBG2017010) on V8 medium. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S large subunit of ribosomal RNA, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CoxI) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes/ region were amplified by PCR using the primer pairs ITS1/ ITS4 (White et al., 1990), NL1/ NL4 (Baten et al., 2014), and Levup and Fm85mod (Robideau et al., 2011), respectively. The PCR products were sequenced and the sequences (GenBank accession nos. MT533275, MT533451, and MT547980) were compared to the voucher specimens. They were 99.23, 99.60, and 98.92% similar to those of P. vexans isolates in the NCBI database (HQ643400, KR092144, and HQ708996, respectively). To complete Koch’s postulates, 'Kwanzan' flowering cherry rooted cuttings grown on propagation substrate (10 cm pot containing 1 kg sterilized 40% coarse sand and 60% ground pine bark) were inoculated with identified pathogen and observations were taken on root rot disease symptoms. Five plants were inoculated with 100 ml of pathogen agar-slurry (1 plate of a 7-day old culture of isolate FBG2017010/1 L of sterilized water), and five control plants were drenched with agar slurry. The plants were maintained in the greenhouse condition (day/night temperature of 26/24°C), and irrigated twice a day for 2 min by overhead irrigation system. After 2 weeks, dark brown to black necrotic root lesions developed on all inoculated cuttings and P. vexans was consistently re-isolated from the inoculated plants. The morphology of the pathogen isolated on the V8-PARPH medium was identical to the original isolate. All control plants remained symptom-free and P. vexans was not isolated from the root tissue. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. vexans causing root and crown rot in 'Kwanzan' flowering cherry in Tennessee, which can be a potential threat for the nursery crop production. The identification of P. vexans, the causal agent of Phytopythium root and crown rot is important in determination and implementation of effective management strategies.

Oomycete communities in lowland tropical forest soils vary in abundance and are composed of saprophytes and pathogens of seeds and seedlings of multiple plant species.

“…All Phytopythium isolates tested were weakly pathogenic or not pathogenic on the seedlings of three tropical tree species but may still negatively impact seed and seedling survival. While Phytopythium are generally less aggressive pathogens compared to Phytophthora and Pythium , many species are increasingly being recognized as important root rot pathogens that impact long-term health of various plant species (Wang et al 2015, Fichtner et al 2016, Noireung et al 2020, Baysal-Gurel et al 2021, Li et al 2021). While these root and stem infections may not lead to seedling death in the short-term, they may affect the long-term fitness and survival of the seedling.…”

First report of a Canadian isolate of Phytopythium vexans causing root rot disease on apple and peach under laboratory conditions

“…Phytopythium vexans was reported as a pathogen causing root and crown rot and decline on fruit trees and woody ornamentals including apple, avocado, citrus, durian, ginkgo, flowering cherry, grapevine, kiwi, pear and red maple in the Canary Islands, China, Italy, Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia, Turkey, Vietnam and the USA (Benfradj et al., 2017; Baysal‐Gurel et al., 2021; Jabiri et al., 2021; Zhou et al., 2022). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a Canadian isolate of P. vexans causing disease in apple and peach under laboratory conditions in Ontario.…”

Development of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for the Rapid Detection of Phytopythium vexans

“…In Africa, the species was identified to infect citrus trees and grapevine ( Spies et al, 2009 ; Benfradj et al, 2017 ; Langenhoven et al, 2018 ). In the United States, P. vexans was reported to cause root and crown rot of woody ornamentals (flowering cherry, Ginkgo, and red maple) ( Panth et al, 2020 ; Baysal-Gurel et al, 2021 ). In China, P. vexans has been reported to cause diseases on ramie, tobacco, rubber trees, and dendrobium ( Zeng et al, 2005 ; Tao et al, 2011 ; Bian et al, 2015 ; Chen B. et al, 2016 ; Yu et al, 2016 ).…”