First Report of Pectobacterium parmentieri Causing Blackleg on Potato in Inner Mongolia, China

Abstract

Blackleg on potato plants (Solanum tuberosum) is caused by Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp. (Charkowski, 2018) worldwide. From June to August in both 2018 and 2019, cases of blackleg were investigated in potato-producing areas in Hulunbuir, Ulanqab, and Hohhot in Inner Mongolia, China. The total surveyed field area was about 200 hectares. The plants showed typical blackleg symptoms, such as black and stunted stems or curled leaves (Fig. S1), and the number of infected plants were counted. The disease showed an incidence of around 8%. Five diseased plants were collected from a 10 ha potato field with approximately 75,000 potato plants (cv. mainly Favorita and Xisen) per hectare. Two-centimeter-long samples of symptomatic stems were removed from the selected plants using a sterile scalpel. The surfaces of the samples were disinfected with 75% ethanol for 2 min. They were then rinsed with sterile distilled water and soaked in 5 ml sterile distilled water for 30 min. Aliquots of three tenfold dilutions of this solution were plated onto the crystal violet pectate agar (CVP) plate and incubated for 3 days at 28°C (Ge et al., 2018). A single bacterial colony that showed pitting on CVP plates (Fig. S2) was picked with a toothpick, streaked onto nutritional agar (She et al., 2013) to obtain pure colonies. Amplification of a 1.4-kb segment containing 16S rRNA gene was performed on the pure colonies using the universal primer set 27F/1492R (Monciardini et al., 2002). The amplicons were sequenced and submitted to the GenBank Nucleotide Basic Local Alignment Search Tool analysis. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of four isolates (GenBank accession numbers: MN626412, MN626449, MN625916, and MT235556) showed more than 99% sequence identity to Pectobacterium parmentieri type strain RNS 08-42-1A (NR_153752.1) (Fig. S3). Six housekeeping genes proA (MT427753-MT427756), gyrA (MT427757–MT427760), icdA (MT427761-MT427764), mdh (MT427765–MT427768), gapA (MT427769-MT427772), and rpoS (MT427773–MT427776) of these four isolates were amplified and sequenced (Ma et al., 2007, Waleron et al., 2008). All sequences showed 99% to 100% sequence identity with Pectobacterium parmentieri strains. Phylogenetic trees (Fig. S4) were constructed by multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) using MEGA 6.0 software (Tamura et al., 2013). The samples were tested against Koch’s postulates on potato seedlings (cv. Favorita) by injecting 100 μl bacterial suspension (107 CFU/ml) or sterile phosphate buffered solution into the stems 2 cm above the base (Ge et al., 2018). The seedlings were incubated at 21°C and 80% humidity (She et al., 2013). Three to 5 days after inoculation, only infected seedlings showed similar symptoms as those observed in the field: the infected area turned black and rotten (Fig. S5). Bacterial colonies isolated from these symptomatic seedlings were identified using the same methods described above and were identified as inoculated Pectobacterium parmentieri strains. Blackleg on potato plants has been reported to be caused by Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense in China (Zhao et al., 2018). To our knowledge, this is the first report of blackleg of potato caused by Pectobacterium parmentieri in Inner Mongolia, China. We believe that this report will draw attention to the identification of this pathogen, which is essential to disease management.

Identification and characterization of opportunistic pathogen Pectobacterium polonicum causing potato blackleg in China

“…Potato stem rot caused by P. versatile (Han et al, 2022) and P. parvum (Wang et al, 2022a) was reported in the Fengning region in the summer of 2020; therefore, seven Pectobacterium species have been identified in potato plants in Hebei Province to date. MLSA demonstrated that a greater diversity of Pectobacterium infects potatoes at the province scale than previously reported: P. carotovorum, P. atrosepticum, P. brasiliense, P. parmentieri, P. polaris and P. punjabense in Guangdong, Inner Mongolia and Sichuan (Zhang et al, 2012;She et al, 2013;Zhao et al, 2018;Jiang et al, 2019;Cao et al, 2021;Handique et al, 2022a;Handique et al, 2022b). However, the P. carotovorum complex has been revised several times, and it is possible that some earlier isolated P. carotovorum strains might have been misclassified.…”

“…Blackleg and aerial stem rot of potatoes caused by SRP have become more frequent in China in recent years (Zhao et al, 2018;Cao et al, 2021;Han et al, 2022;Handique et al, 2022a;Wang et al, 2022a;Handique et al, 2022b). Potato stem rot caused by P. versatile (Han et al, 2022) and P. parvum (Wang et al, 2022a) was reported in the Fengning region in the summer of 2020; therefore, seven Pectobacterium species have been identified in potato plants in Hebei Province to date.…”

“…P. atrosepticum and P. carotovorum were once regarded as the most frequently isolated pathogens that are associated with potato soft rot diseases in China (Zhang et al, 2012;She et al, 2013). In recent years, other Pectobacterium species, including P. brasiliense (Zhao et al, 2018;Jiang et al, 2019), P. parmentieri (Cao et al, 2021), P. versatile (Han et al, 2022), P. polaris (Handique et al, 2022a) and P. punjabense (Handique et al, 2022b), have also been reported in the primary potato growing areas in China. Two citrate negative isolates of P. polaris were reported to cause aerial stem rot in Hebei Province, and subsequent genome-based analysis confirmed that they belonged to the newly established species, P. parvum (Wang et al, 2022a;Wang et al, 2022b).…”

“…The incidence of blackleg and aerial stem rot of potatoes has increased over recent years in northern China, and SRP has caused significant yield loss in highly susceptible cultivars, including Xisen 6, Huangxin 226, Helan 15 (also known as Favorita), and others (Zhao et al, 2018;Cao et al, 2021;Han et al, 2022;Handique et al, 2022a;Wang et al, 2022a;Handique et al, 2022b). In 2021, potato blackleg and aerial stem rot were reported in the three primary production areas in Hebei Province.…”

Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay for the Detection of Pectobacterium parmentieri, a Causal Agent of Potato Soft Rot

“…Several Pwa strains, isolated from potatoes and which cause soft rot, have been scrutinised and finally reclassified as new species [ 3 ]. Later on, Ppa was identified among potato pathogens in circulation in Europe and Russia [ 4 , 5 ], Africa [ 6 ], Asia [ 7 , 8 ] and America [ 9 , 10 ]. Many strains isolated from potatoes earlier, and initially attributed as Pwa or Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp.…”