First Report of <i>Epicoccum sorghinum</i> Causing Leaf Spot on <i>Basella alba</i> in Malaysia

Khoo, Ying Wei; Tan, Hui Teng; Khaw, Yam Sim; Li, Shifang; Chong, Khim Phin

doi:10.1094/pdis-02-22-0309-pdn

Cited by 6 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Leaf spots occur in various plant species, including Nicotiana tabacum (Yuan et al, 2016), Bletilla striata (Zhou et al, 2018), and Brassica parachinensis (Yu et al, 2019), indicating that the pathogen could cause a variety of plant diseases. In addition, the incidence of leaf spot disease caused by this pathogen was 10%–20% in Basella alba (Khoo et al, 2022) and 49%–56% in Camellia sinensis (Bao et al, 2019). Furthermore, Zhao et al (2022) reported that E. sorghinum infected H. macrophylla in Beijing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, the leaf spot pathogen was isolated from H. macrophylla samples, and its pathogenicity was verified based on Koch's that the pathogen could cause a variety of plant diseases. In addition, the incidence of leaf spot disease caused by this pathogen was 10%-20% in Basella alba (Khoo et al, 2022) and 49%-56% in Camellia sinensis (Bao et al, 2019). Furthermore, Zhao et al (2022) reported that E. sorghinum infected H. macrophylla in Beijing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of Epicoccum sorghinum as the agent of Hydrangea leaf spot and its sensitivity to fungicides

Yao,

Liu,

Liang

et al. 2023

Journal of Phytopathology

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Hydrangea macrophylla belongs to the family Saxifragaceae. It originated in Sichuan and Japan and is widely cultivated in Europe, Holland, France, and other places. H. macrophylla is the most commonly cultivated species of the genus and is known for its large, showy flowers and lush green leaves (Alexander, 2017;Bak et al., 2021). Owing to its distinct flower shape, symbolizing reunion, happiness, and hope, H. macrophylla has high ornamental value and is commonly grown in family gardens, parks, and scenic landscapes. Moreover, this species is grown for high-end, fresh-cut flower markets.The increasing demand for a potted version of H. macrophylla has gradually expanded its production and cultivation in Guizhou Province. However, corresponding increases in the occurrence of diseases and pests, such as leaf spots, root rot, and anthracnose, restrict production and industrial development to varying extents.Various leaf spot pathogens of H. macrophylla have been reported worldwide. The pathogens reported in Italy include Phoma exigua

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Epicoccum sorghinum as the agent of Hydrangea leaf spot and its sensitivity to fungicides

Yao,

Liu,

Liang

et al. 2023

Journal of Phytopathology

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“…Especially in marginalized communities, distrust of police and concerns of revictimization seem to result in even greater under-reporting of technology-facilitated harms (Aikenhead, 2021; Bailey and Mathen, 2019). At the same time, the criminal law can be “disproportionately enforced against those who are marginalized” (Bailey and Mathen, 2019: 666; Eaton and McGlynn, 2020), resulting in important equality issues regarding the impacts of criminal law and, in practice, creating additional reasons for marginalized communities to avoid relying on criminal responses (Bailey and Mathen, 2019; Dunn, 2021; Khoo, 2021).…”

Section: The Need For Alternative Responses To Tfvbmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even when victims do decide to report acts of TFVB, scholars have found that police, prosecutors, and the judiciary can have limited awareness of what laws are applicable to tech-facilitated harms and limited technological literacy, resulting in low rates of successfully investigating and prosecuting these acts (Bailey and Mathen, 2019; Flynn and Henry, 2021; Khoo, 2021; Stevenson-McCabe and Chisala-Tempelhoff, 2021). Additionally, in those rare cases that do result in a successful trial, complainant and community interests may still not be well-served, as the “reactive and punitive” criminal law system is often unable to meet even the basic needs of those impacted by TFVB or address the beliefs that normalize this behavior (Bailey and Mathen, 2019: 695; Dodge, 2021b; Hamilton, 2018; Henry and Witt, 2021; Pennell et al, 2022).…”

Section: The Need For Alternative Responses To Tfvbmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While approaches have been suggested to improve formal legal responses (Flynn and Henry, 2021; Young and Laidlaw, 2020), TFVB scholars widely agree that a range of tools should also be available beyond the law to effectively support victims, educate and hold accountable perpetrators, educate bystanders and frontline service provides, engage website owners and social media platform creators, and spark systems-level and culture change (Flynn and Henry, 2021; Hamilton, 2018; Hrick, 2021). For example, alternative options such as informal negotiation with respondents can sometimes “meaningfully address at least some forms of technology-facilitated violence without needing to resort to potentially costly, complex, and emotionally draining civil or criminal legal processes” (Hrick, 2021: 404) and technological supports can regularly result in the removal of illegal content with more expediency than a court order (Khoo, 2021). As Khoo reflects, “the law plays an important but ultimately limited role in the broader matrix of meaningful solutions, and must be contextualized as such to avoid complacency when it comes to pursuing non-legal solutions [.…”

Section: The Need For Alternative Responses To Tfvbmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Looking beyond the law to respond to technology-facilitated violence and bullying: Lessons learned from Nova Scotia’s CyberScan unit

Dodge

2023

Crime, Media, Culture

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Legal remedies in response to technology-facilitated violence and bullying (TFVB) have often overshadowed the creation of alternative responses. While the framing of law as the most impactful remedy can result in the false belief that this issue has been adequately dealt with through legal regulation, in practice legal options are not utilized by the majority of those harmed by TFVB, do not provide many of the core supports that targets of TFVB seek to access, and offer limited possibilities for prevention and culture change. Responding to growing demands for alternative responses to TFVB, this article provides an analysis of the province of Nova Scotia’s CyberScan unit—a government enforcement unit offering alternative supports and responses to TFVB—to explore the efficacy of implementing alternative responses to TFVB in practice.

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First Report of Leaf Tip Blight Caused by Epicoccum sorghinum on Phoebe bournei in Fujian, China

Wang

Zhao

et al. 2023

Plant Disease

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Phoebe bournei, belonging to the family Lauraceae, is indigenous to China, where it is a protected species. In March 2022, ca. 90% of 20,000 P. bournei saplings suffered from leaf tip blight in a sapling nursery with an area of 200 m2 in Fuzhou, China. Initially, brown discoloration appeared on the tips of young leaves. The symptomatic tissue continued to expand as the leaf grew. To isolate the pathogen, 10 symptomatic leaves were randomly sampled from the nursery, and surface-sterilized in 75% alcohol for 30 s, followed by a 5% NaClO solution for 3 min, and then rinsed 3 times with sterile water. Twenty small pieces (0.3 x 0.3 cm) were excised from the margin of diseased and healthy tissue and transferred to five PDA plates amended with 50 μg/ml ampicillin. The plates were incubated at 25°C for 5 days. Finally, 17 isolates were obtained, and nine isolates with the highest isolation frequency shared the same morphological characteristics. On PDA, these colonies had aerial hyphae, white in the beginning, and became pale brown with the pigment production. Chlamydospores were observed after incubation for 7 days at 25°C, pale brown and nearly spherical, unicellular, or multicellular. Conidia were unicellular or bicellular, hyaline, and ellipsoidal, 5.15 to 9.89× 3.46 to 5.87 µm, n=50. The 9 fungi were identified as Epicoccum sp (Khoo et al. 2022a, b, c). Furthermore, strain MB3-1 was chosen randomly as the representative of the 9 isolates, and ITS, LSU, TUB sequences were amplified using the primers ITS1/ITS4, LR0R/LR5, Bt2a/Bt2b respectively (Raza et al. 2019). The sequences were submitted to NCBI and analyzed using BLAST. Results of BLAST showed that ITS (OP550308), LSU (OP550304), TUB (OP779213) sequences had 99.59% (490bp out of 492bp), 99.89% (870bp out of 871bp), 100% (321bp out of 321bp) identity to Epicoccum sorghinum sequences MH071389, MW800361, MW165323, respectively. ITS, LSU, TUB sequences were concatenated for phylogenetic analysis using the maximum likelihood method with 1000 bootstrap replicates in MEGA 7.0 software. The phylogenetic tree showed that MB3-1 was clustered together with E. sorghinum. Pathogenicity tests were performed on young leaves of healthy P. bournei saplings in vivo by inoculating with fungal conidia suspension. The conidia were eluted from the colony of MB3-1 and adjusted to 1×106 spores/ml. An amount of 20 μl conidia suspension (0.1% tween-80) was evenly sprayed on three leaves of one P. bournei sapling, 20 μl sterile water was sprayed on three other leaves of the same sapling as control, and three saplings were treated. All the treated saplings were kept at 25°C. MB3-1 caused leaf tip blight symptoms similar to those observed in nature at 6 days post inoculation (dpi). The pathogen was reisolated from inoculated leaves and identified as E. sorghinum. The experiment was repeated twice with the same results. Recently, E. sorghinum has been reported in Brazil (Gasparetto et al. 2017), Malaysia (Khoo et al. 2022a, b, c), and the United States (Imran et al. 2022). To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. sorghinum causing leaf tip blight on P. bournei. Wood from P. bournei is used to produce high-quality furniture due to its vertical grain and durability (Chen et al. 2020). And the demand for wood requires numerous saplings for afforestation. But this disease has the risk of causing insufficient saplings, which would affect the development of the P. bournei timber industry.

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First Report of Epicoccum sorghinum Causing Leaf Spot on Basella alba in Malaysia

Cited by 6 publications

References 7 publications

Identification of Epicoccum sorghinum as the agent of Hydrangea leaf spot and its sensitivity to fungicides

Identification of Epicoccum sorghinum as the agent of Hydrangea leaf spot and its sensitivity to fungicides

Looking beyond the law to respond to technology-facilitated violence and bullying: Lessons learned from Nova Scotia’s CyberScan unit

First Report of Leaf Tip Blight Caused by Epicoccum sorghinum on Phoebe bournei in Fujian, China

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