First Report of Chickpea Chlorotic Dwarf Virus Infecting Spring Chickpea in Syria

Abstract

During May 2003, a high incidence of symptoms suggestive of virus infection in spring chickpea were observed in many fields in Al-Ghab Valley, Syria, the ICARDA farm (near Aleppo, Syria), as well as in other locations in northern Syria, including the Idleb governorate. Symptoms observed were yellowing, stunting, and necrosis. A total of 1,345 chickpea samples with these symptoms (331 from Al-Ghab Valley, 269 from the ICARDA farm, and 745 from the Idleb governorate) were collected and tested for the presence of five viruses with tissue-blot immunoassay (TBIA) (4) at the Virology Laboratory of ICARDA, using the following antisera: monoclonal antibodies for Faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV, genus Nanovirus) (1); Bean leafroll virus (BLRV, family Luteoviridae) (4B10) (3); Beet western yellows virus (BWYV, genus Polerovirus, family Luteoviridae [ATCC PVAS-647, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA]); and Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV, family Luteoviridae, [ATCC PVAS-650]) and polyclonal antibodies for Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV, genus Mastrevirus, family Geminiviridae, provided by H. J. Vetten, BBA, Braunschweig, Germany). The most common virus present was BWYV (detected in 54.1% of samples tested), followed by CpCDV (19.2%), BLRV (10.2%), and FBNYV (5.5%). SbDV was not detected in any of the samples tested. Using immunosorbent electron microscopy, infected chickpea samples revealed low numbers of geminivirus-like particles after 15 min of incubation on CpCDV antiserum-coated grids. When CpCDV was purified from infected chickpea plants, the virus coat protein was 32 kDa with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis typical of CpCDV coat protein (2) and reacted strongly with CpCDV antiserum in western blots. The CpCDV vector in Syria was found to be Orosius albicinctus Distant, and is thought to be similar to Orosius orientalis (Matsumura), the reported vector of CpCDV (2). FBNYV, BWYV, and BLRV infection of chickpea have been previously reported from Syria, but to our knowledge, this is the first report of CpCDV infecting chickpea in Syria. References: (1) A. Franz et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 128:255, 1996. (2) N. M. Horn et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 122:467, 1993. (3) L. Katul. Characterization by serology and molecular biology of bean leaf roll virus and faba bean necrotic yellows virus. Ph.D. thesis. University of Gottingen, Germany, 1992. (4) K. M. Makkouk and A. Comeau. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 100:71, 1994.

Transmission of Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus in Chickpea by the leafhopper Orosius albicinctus (Distant) in Pakistan - Short communication

“…albicinctus (thought to be similar to O. orientalis) is known as a vector of plant viruses and phytoplasmas. In the present study, CpCDV was successfully transmitted by O. albicinctus and these results agree with the previous studies in India by Horn et al (1993) and in Syria by Kumari et al (2004) where the CpCDV in chickpea was reported to be vectored by O. albicinctus. However, recently Farzadfar et al (2008) in Iran successfully transmitted the CpCDV using O. orientalis to a range of plant species in the Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae and induced symptoms like those reported for CpCDV.…”

“…CpCDV can cause stunting, internode shortening, phloem browning in the collar region and leaf reddening in desi-type while yellowing in kabuli-type chickpea varieties (Nene & Reddy 1987;Nene et al 1991;Horn et al 1993). CpCDV was found to be transmitted by a leafhopper Orosius orientalis (Matsumura) in India (Horn et al 1993) and by O. albicinctus (Distant) (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera) in Syria (Kumari et al, 2004). It nearly caused 100% yield loss of individual plants when infection occurred before flowering and 75-90% losses when infection occurred during flowering (Horn et al 1995).…”

Transmission Specificity and Coinfection of Mastrevirus with Begomovirus

“…Research reveals that O. albicinctus Distant (thought to be similar to Orosius orientalis Matsumura); leafhopper vector of plant viruses and phytoplasmas, successfully transmitted the Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV). However, O. orientalis Matsumura has also been reported to transmit CpCDV to plant species of different families (like Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Chenopodiaceae) and induced CpCDV like symptoms (Horn et al, 1996;Kumari et al, 2004;Farzadfar et al, 2008;Akhtar et al, 2011). Nonetheless, Horn et al (1993) reported first time the identification of CpCDV along with many reports from other countries like, Australia, Africa, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Far East, Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent (Horn et al, 1993;Makkouk et al, 1995Makkouk et al, , 1998El-Muadhidi et al, 2001;Farzadfar et al, 2002;Makkouk et al, 2003a,b;Kumari et al, 2004;Nahid et al, 2008;Thomas et al, 2010;Muhire et al, 2013;Akhtar et al, 2014).…”

“…Number of plant scientists has reported natural hosts of dicotyledonous plant infecting mastreviruses in the field for example for (i) chickpea: [(Cicer arietinum L.) Horn et al, 1993;Kumari et al, 2004;Nahid et al, 2008;Mumtaz et al, 2011;Kraberger et al, 2013] (ii) lentil: [(Lens culinaris Medik) Nahid et al, 2008;Kraberger et al, 2013] Zia et al, 2015]. Additionally many researchers also claimed that weeds like 'Sesbania bispinosa Jacq., 'Rapistrum rugosum L'.…”

Breeding for biotic stress resistance in chickpea: progress and prospects

“…Other symptoms include phloem browning (revealed by a shallow cut at the collar), stunting and premature death (Nene and Reddy 1987;Nene et al 1991;Horn et al 1993). The vectors of CpCDV are two leafhopper species, Neolimnus aegyptiacus and Orosius albicinctus (Horn Kumari et al 2004). Significant yield losses due to CpCDV, of 60-100 %, have been reported in Sudan and India (Horn et al 1995).…”