First report of Cactodera milleri Graney and Bird, 1990 from Colorado and Minnesota

Abstract

In 2019, Cactodera milleri cysts were discovered from soil samples collected from a Chenopodium quinoa field, located in Mosca, Alamosa county, Colorado, USA. Approximately 200 lemon shaped cysts and several hundred juveniles were recovered from the affected quinoa plants. The same species was also identified from several counties in Minnesota from samples submitted over the years by the Minnesota Department of Agriculture as part of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) efforts to survey states for the presence of Pale Potato Cyst Nematode. The cysts and juveniles (J2) were recovered from soil samples through sieving and Baermann funnel extraction. The nematode species was identified by both morphological and molecular means as Cactodera milleri (Graney and Bird, 1990). To our knowledge this represents the first report of Cactodera milleri from Colorado and Minnesota.

Characterization of Globodera ellingtonae Populations from Chile Utilizing Whole Genome Sequencing

“… Single gene phylogeny of Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90) constructed form a 437 nt alignment of morphologically identified Globodera spp. from Skantar et al (2021) , G. ellingtonae from Argentina ( Lax et al, 2014 ), and populations from this study. The maximum likelihood tree was rooted to the outgroup Cactodera and the branch of the outgroup was artificially truncated for clarity (dashed lines).…”

“…A single 1402 bp HSP90 sequence from G. ellingtonae (MK105568.1) was used as a reference to anchor the assembly of the locus from each sample using the software package SAUTE ( Souvorov and Agarwala, 2021 ). Sequences from identified Globodera and Cactodera (outgroup) from PopSet 1780190675 ( Skantar et al, 2021 ) were used for comparison, as were the partial HSP90 sequences obtained by Lax et al (2014) from a G. ellingtonae population collected in Argentina. All sequences were aligned using Muscle v3.8.31 ( Edgar, 2004 ), trimmed to the shortest sequence length (final alignment of 437 bp) and a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed using FastTree v2.1.11 ( Price et al, 2010 ).…”

Molecular and morphological characterization of a first report of Cactodera torreyanae Cid del Prado Vera & Subbotin, 2014 (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from Minnesota, the United States of America

“…DNA extraction, amplification, purification of PCR products, cloning, and sequencing were performed as described in Skantar et al (2012) and Subbotin (2021a) . The following primer sets were used for PCR: the forward D2A (5′ – ACA AGT ACC GTG AGG GAA AGT TG – 3′) and the reverse D3B (5′ – TCG GAA GGA ACC AGC TAC TA – 3′) primers for amplification of the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene; the forward TW81 (5′ – GTT TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GC – 3′) and the reverse AB28 (5′ – ATA TGC TTA AGTT CAG CGG GT – 3′) primers for amplification of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 of rRNA gene, the forward JB3 (5′ – TTT TTT GGG CAT CCT GAG GTT TAT -3′) and the reverse JB4.5 (5′ – TAA AGA AAG AAC ATA ATG AAA ATG -3′) primers or the forward Het-coxiF (5′ – TAG TTG ATC GTA ATT TTA ATG G – 3′) and the reverse Het-coxiR (5′ – CCT AAA ACA TAA TGA AAA TGW GC – 3′) primers for amplification of the partial COI gene ( Skantar et al, 2021 ; Subbotin, 2021a ).…”

“…The newly obtained sequences of the D2-D3 of 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA, COI genes were aligned using ClustalX 1.83 with corresponding published gene sequences ( Cid del Prado Vera and Subbotin, 2014 ; Escobar-Avila et al, 2021 ; Li et al, 2021 ; Skantar et al, 2021 ). Sequence alignment was analyzed with Bayesian inference (BI) using MrBayes 3.1.2 ( Ronquist and Huelsenbeck, 2003 ) under the GTR + G + I model and with PAUP* 4b10 ( Swofford, 2002 ) as described by Subbotin (2021b) .…”

Cactodera guizhouensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderinae), a new species of cyst-forming nematode from roots and surrounding soil of potato in Guizhou, China

“…At present, the molecular characteristics such as sequences of ITS-rRNA gene, D2-D3 region of the 28S-rRNA gene provide a new reference for accurate identification of species in Heteroderinae. Morphological characteristics combined with sequence information and phylogenetic analysis have become the main method for the identification of species in Heteroderinae (Subbotin et al, 2001;Maafi et al, 2003;Subbotin et al, 2006;Skantar et al, 2021).…”