First report of “Candidatus Phytoplasma solani” on a newhost marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)

Abstract

IntroductionPhytoplasmas are phloem-limited, insect-transmitted, wall-less, nonculturable plant pathogens from the class Mollicutes. They cause diseases in numerous plant species including fruit, vegetable, cereal, forest, and ornamental crops worldwide (Lee et al., 2000). Molecular methods and interactive online Web software have become the most reliable tools for the detection, identification, and classification of phytoplasma diseases. These methods are most commonly used to amplify either an entire or a specific phytoplasma sequence of 16S rDNA and to generate in silico digestions with a few key enzymes. The latter may help to distinguish the input data from previously recognized patterns (Lee et al., 1998;Khadhair et al., 2008).Following the application of molecular technologies, phytoplasma taxonomy is largely or entirely based on analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. "Candidatus Phytoplasma solani" falls within the 16SrXII group containing phytoplasmas such as "Ca. P. japonicum", "Ca. P. fragariae", and "Ca. P. australiense", which infect a wide range of crop plants (Duduk and Bertaccini, 2011; EFSA, 2014).An important ornamental plant, marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) is grown in homes and gardens throughout Turkey. In addition to their ornamental role (Wright, 1979), marigold plants have been used as pharmaceutical plants (Tostle, 1968) and pesticides for the protection of agricultural crops (Morallo and Decena, 1982;Kourany and Arnason, 1988;Rhoades, 1990). Although "Ca. P. solani" has been known on wild marigold, Calendula officinalis (common marigold) (Esmailzadeh-Hosseini et al., 2011), the presence of the disease on T. erecta (marigold) has not been reported. Today, the only phytoplasma disease reported on T. erecta is marigold phyllody, which belongs to the aster yellows group (16SrI), subgroup B (Almeyda- León and Rocha-Peña, 2001;Rojas-Martínez et al., 2003).

Detection, in silico analysis and molecular diversity of phytoplasmas from solanaceous crops in Turkey

“…These findings indicate that 'Candidatus P. solani' and 'Candidatus P. trifolii' are the most important phytoplasmas associated with solanaceous crops in the region. Both are important pathogens of solanaceous crops in the world, which have been reported in the same region in other crops such as cucumber, tomato, pear, and marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) (Alp et al 2016;Usta et al 2017;2021). Phytoplasmas are extremely virulent and destroy numerous plants such as potato, tomato, pepper, Virtual RFLP pattern was created from reference strain 16SrXII-A (AF248959), VB1 (MF564267), and VE1 (KY579357) isolates of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' https://doi.org/10.17221/115/2021-PPS and eggplant belonging to the Solanaceae family and result in substantial damage to both financial and environmental perspectives in crop plantations.…”

Stolbur and Clover Proliferation Phytoplasma Infections in Tomato from Bingöl province, Turkey

“…Phytoplasma associated diseases have been surveyed in vegetable, orchards, ornamental plants, and field crops in different locations of Turkey. Stolbur in potatoes and tomatoes (Alp et al, 2016;Nogay et al, 1988;Sahtiyancı, 1972;Yorgancı et al, 1991;Nogay and Ternar, 1986), Apple proliferation (AP) and Pear Decline (PD) in pome fruits (Canik and Ertunç, 2007;Canik et al, 2009;Yavuz et al, 2019;Gazel et al, 2007), European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) in stone fruits (Çağlayan et al, 2011;Ulubas-Serce et al, 2012;Ulubas-Serce et al, 2006), Flavescense Doree (FD) and Bois Noir (BN) diseases (Grapevine yellows phytoplasmas) (Canik et al, 2011) are important disease detected in our country. Among the vegetables, the family of Solanaceae is more commonly infected by "Ca.…”

First report of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii' associated with leaf reddening and upright growth in pears (Pyrus communis L.)

“…The molecular tests and in silico analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences were identified in associa-tion with the 16SrVI-A subgroup phytoplasma with the pears in Van province. In recent years, numerous phytoplasma survey studies have been completed in economically important crops and on their surrounding weeds in different geographical regions of Turkey (Alp et al 2016;Oksal et al 2017;Kaçar et al 2019;Gazel et al 2020;Oksal 2020). These surveys revealed the presence of phytoplasma agents belonging to different phytoplasma groups including 16Sr I (Aster yellows), II (Peanut witches' broom), V (Elm yellows), VI (Clover proliferation), IX (Pigeon pea witches' broom), X (Apple proliferation), XII (Stolbur), and XIV (Bermudagrass white leaf ) (Canik & Ertunç 2007;Ertunc et al 2015;Özdemir & Çağırgan 2015;Usta et al 2017;Çağlar et al 2019).…”