First Report of Banana Bunchy Top Virus in Banana and Plantain (Musa spp.) in Tanzania

Abstract

Banana (including plantain; Musa spp.) is an important vegetatively propagated food staple grown as a semi-perennial crop in fields and backyard gardens in Tanzania. Banana bunchy top disease (BBTD), caused by the banana bunchy top virus (BBTV, genus Babuvirus), is the most economically important viral disease of banana, infection of which results in severe stunting and reduction in fruit production by 90-100% within two seasons. The virus is spread by the banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa, and through vegetative propagation of infected sources. BBTV is an introduced virus first reported in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in the 1960s in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Since then, BBTV spread was confirmed in 15 countries in Central, Southern, and Western African regions but was not detected in any previous surveys in the East African sub-region. During banana pests and disease surveys conducted in December 2020 – January 2021 in Buhigwe District in the Kigoma Region of Tanzania revealed banana plants with typical BBTV symptoms (severe stunting, leaves with shortened petioles, chlorotic streaks, and yellow leaf margins) in several banana fields in Muhinda (lon. 29.78662, lat. -4.53672) and Mwayaya (lon. 29.8218, lat. -4.49203) villages. Most of the affected plantations were 5 to 15 years old. Leaf samples (N=21) from symptomatic (N=6) and asymptomatic (N=15) banana plants were collected and used for total DNA extraction and BBTV detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the primer pair BBTV-1 and BBTV-2 to amplify ~240 bp sequence of DNA-R encoding for core master replication initiator protein gene. All samples from symptomatic plants tested positive and asymptomatic plants were negative. To further confirm the virus identity, four samples, each from symptomatic (PCR positive) and asymptomatic (PCR negative) plants from Muhinda and Mwayaya villages, were tested by Triple Antibody Sandwich-Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (TAS-ELISA) using BBTV ELISA reagent set (Cat. # SRA24700-1000, Agdia, France) following the manufacturer's protocol. Samples from symptomatic plants reacted positively in TAS-ELISA, and asymptomatic plants were negative. The 240-bp PCR product of two isolates was purified, and both strands were sequenced. A BLAST search of the nucleotide sequences (NCBI GenBank Acc.# MW711671 and MW711672) revealed 99% identity with DNA-R sequences of several other BBTV isolates from Africa (Acc. No# JF755994). Further analysis of the 240-bp nucleotide sequences with Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis using MEGA-X software has grouped the two BBTV sequence isolates with the SSA sub-clade of the South-Pacific group. To our knowledge, this is the first report of BBTV infecting bananas in Tanzania, and East Africa endowed with rich banana diversity and popular East African Highland banana clone. BBTV presents a new threat to banana production in this sub-region due to the high risk of further spread through vegetative propagation, traditional planting material exchange practices, and the ubiquitous banana aphid vector. This study warrants delimitation surveys to assess the extent of spread, with simultaneous efforts to raise awareness about BBTD recognition and control measures among banana growers, including eradicating infected mats and replanting with healthy planting material to recover banana production.

Banana bunchy top disease in Africa—Predicting continent‐wide disease risks by combining survey data and expert knowledge

“…Production areas in Uganda, adjacent to the Democratic Republic of Congo border and around Lake Victoria rate high on the priority score, possibly due to their relative closeness/connectivity to infected areas in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and favourable climatic conditions for BBTD establishment and spread. Recent reports on the presence of BBTD in the north‐western region of Uganda (Ocimati et al, 2021) and north‐western Tanzania (Shimwela et al, 2022) support these risk predictions. For these and other priority areas not yet infected, measures for close surveillance, quarantines and proactive management of the disease are needed.…”

Distribution and diversity of emergent Banana bunchy top virus infecting banana and plantain in Cameroon, Central Africa

“…The nt diversity in SSA ranged from 0% to 3%. Low levels of diversity between BBTV isolates in SSA and that of PIO were observed in several BBTV isolates sequenced in SSA (Kumar et al., 2011; Shimwela et al., 2022; Ximba et al., 2022). Based on the nucleotide sequence analysis, the 3′ and 5′ sequences flanking the CP encoding gene segment had a higher sequence diversity (6.8% and 3.9%, respectively) compared to the CP coding portion (2.9%) (Table 3).…”

“…BBTV is considered native to South‐East Asia and was first reported from the African continent in Egypt in 1901 (Kumar et al., 2015). At present, the virus has been confirmed in 18 African countries, where it is causing substantial losses in banana and plantain production and trade (Kumar et al., 2015; Shimwela et al., 2022). The patterns of banana cropland and cultural practices, especially the tradition of using suckers sourced from the existing plantations for establishing new plantations, greatly heighten the risk of further invasion and saturation of BBTV (Nkengla‐Asi et al., 2021; Xing et al., 2020).…”

“…BBTV is considered native to South-East Asia and was first reported from the African continent in Egypt in 1901 (Kumar et al, 2015). At present, the virus has been confirmed in 18 African countries, where it is causing substantial losses in banana and plantain production and trade (Kumar et al, 2015;Shimwela et al, 2022).…”

The Influence of Complexity on the Adoption of Tissue Culture Banana Seedlings in Tanzania

“…The disease caused by this virus infection is termed a Banana Bunchy Top Disease (BBTD). The disease was reported in Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, and Dar es Salaam in the years 2021 and 2022, and the disease is spread by the movement of banana suckers from one farm to another (Shimwela, et al, (2022); Gurbuz, et al, (2023). There is a need to reduce or restrict the movement of planting materials from one region to another and establish a functional banana seed system to control the spread of BBTD (Shimwela, et al, 2022).…”