First Report of Alternate Hosts of Willow Rust Disease Caused by Melampsora ferrinii in China

Abstract

Corydalis acuminata Franch., C. edulis Maxim. and C. racemosa (Thunb.) Pers. of family Papaveraceae are rich in multiple alkaloids and widely used as Chinese medicinal herbs, for treating cough, pruritus, sores tinea and snake venom (Zhang et al. 2008, Iranshahy et al. 2014). In April 2021, orange rust pustules were observed on C. acuminata, C. edulis and C. racemosa in Shaanxi Province (34°4’56’’ N, 108°2’9’’ E, alt. 770 m), China. Samples were collected and voucher specimens were preserved in the Herbarium Mycologicum Academiae Sinicae (nos. HMAS249947–HMAS249949), China. Consequent geospatial investigations revealed that diseased plants can be observed at an altitude of 400–1000 m, and show an incidence from 40% to 80% varied by altitude. Spermogonia epiphyllous, subcuticular, densely grouped, oval or round, 0.14–0.36 × 0.09–0.30 mm, pale orange-yellow, and type 3 of Cummins and Hiratsuka (1963). Aecia mostly hypophyllous, subepidermal without peridia, Caeoma-type, erumpent, densely grouped, oval or round, 0.27–0.85 × 0.15–0.43 mm, and orange-yellow; hyaline peridial cells produced in a periphery of the sorus under the ruptured epidermis of host plants. Aeciospores globoid or broadly ellipsoid, catenulate with intercalary cells, 15.7–20.1 × 10.8–15.7 μm, yellow to pale orange; walls hyaline, verrucose, 1.7–3.1 μm thick. This fungus was morphologically identified as Melampsora (Melampsoraceae). The rDNA-28S and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were amplified using primers NL1/NL4 and ITS1/ITS4 (Ji et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020). Bi-directional sequences were assembled and deposited in GenBank (accession nos. MW990091–MW990093 and MW996576–MW996578). Phylogenetic trees were constructed with the ITS+rDNA-28S dataset based on maximum-likelihood (ML), maximum-parsimony (MP) and Bayesian Inference (BI). ML and MP bootstrap values were calculated by bootstrap analyses of 1,000 replicates using MEGA-X (Kumar et al. 2018), while BI posterior probabilities (Bpps) were calculated using MrBayes ver. 3.1.2 (Ji et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020). Phylogenetic analyses grouped our specimens and Melampsora ferrinii Toome & Aime into one clade, highly supported by bootstrap values of ML, MP, and Bpps of 100%/100%/1. Inoculations were conducted with 1-year-old plants of original host, Salix babylonica L. (Toome & Aime 2015). Aeciospores suspension with a concentration of 106 spores/ml were sprayed on 20 healthy leaves, with another 20 healthy leaves sprayed with sterile water as the control. The inoculated plants were kept in darkness at 20–25 °C for 2 days and then transferred into greenhouse at 23°C with 16 h light per day. After 8–10 days of inoculation, yellow pustules of uredinia appeared on abaxial surfaces of the inoculated leaves, which were identical to Toome & Aime (2015) reported, while the control leaves remained healthy. Inoculations with the same method were conducted by spraying urediniospores, and the same rust symptoms developed after 8 days. Genus Corydalis was verified as the alternate host of M. chelidonii-pierotii Tak. Matsumoto, M. coleosporioides Dietel, M. idesiae Miyabe and M. yezoensis Miyabe & T. Matsumoto (Shinyama & Yamaoka 2012; Okane et al. 2014; Yamaoka & Okane 2019), and C. incisa (Thunb.) Pers. was speculated as the potential alternate host of M. ferrinii (Toome & Aime 2015). Based on morphology, phylogeny and pathogenicity, we firstly report M. ferrinii in mainland China and verify C. acuminata, C. edulis and C. racemosa instead of C. incisa as its alternate hosts.

Ontogenetic Variation in Macrocyclic and Hemicyclic Poplar Rust Fungi

“…Although there are reports of their alternative hosts, namely genus Corydalis and genus Chelidonium in the USA and Canada [ 32 ], we did not find Mmag parasite in these universal plants in China till now. At present, host alternation in Mmag in China is not clear [ 33 ], Corydalis was thought as an alternative host of Mmag but we found aecia on this plant are of M. ferrinii [ 34 , 35 ], artificial inoculation with urediniospora of Mmag in the field failed, and the teliospores of Mmag may not be important in the life cycle, and we took this rust in China as one of the hemicyclic rusts. Savile believed that many species in the genus Melampsora could survive in poplar buds via mycelium, wintering until their second year and developing urediniospora to start the primary infection cycle [ 3 ].…”