First record of the pantropical blue tick Rhipicephalus microplus in Namibia

Nyangiwe, Nkululeko; Matthee, Conrad A.; Horak, Ivan G.; Matthee, Sonja

doi:10.1007/s10493-013-9717-3

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The presence of R. microplus in dry regions has been reported elsewhere in West Africa (Madder et al, 2007), South Africa (Nyangiwe et al, 2013a;Tonnesen et al, 2004), Zambia (Berkvens et al, 1998), East Africa (Lynen et al, 2008) and more recently in Namibia (Nyangiwe et al, 2013b). However, what is noteworthy is the spread of this tick into the interior of the country.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Communal farmers’ perceptions of tick-borne diseases affecting cattle and investigation of tick control methods practiced in Zimbabwe

Sungirai

Moyo

Clercq

et al. 2016

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

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Tick borne diseases (TBDs) are responsible for huge economic losses in cattle production in most African countries where the majority of cattle owners are the resource poor communal farmers. Governments have initiated and co-ordinate tick control programs with farmers required to contribute funds for their sustenance. The success of these programs will hinge upon the involvement of communal farmers in their design, implementation and evaluation. To this end, 313 communal farmers (approximately 8.4% of the target population) were interviewed and 3 focus group discussions were carried out in the southern low-veld part of Zimbabwe with the objectives of investigating communal farmers" perceptions on TBDs affecting cattle, level of participation in government initiated tick control programs, other tick control methods practiced, types of acaricides used and their perceived effectiveness. There was a general awareness of TBDs with 67.7% (n=212) farmers being able to describe tick diseases with names or clinical and post-mortem signs. The diseases or situations frequently associated with ticks were codwriosis (38%, n=119), mastitis (36.7%, n=115), anaplasmosis (36.1%, n=113), body damage (28.4%, n=89), babesiosis (24.6%, n=77) and poor body condition (16.6%, n=52). Cattle mortalities due to TBDs were reported by 23.8% (n=74) of the farmers. Farmers (40.6% , n=127) reported an increase in the number of cases of TBDs while 53.4% (n=167) did not see an increase. The plunge dip was consistently used by farmers (70.3%, n=220) to control ticks. Other tick control methods practiced were the hand spraying (67.4%, n=211), hand dressing (16.6%, n=52), traditional methods (5.4%, n=17), use of pour-ons (4.5%, n=14) and smearing (2.2%, n=7). The formamidines were the most common class of acaricide used (59.4%, n=186), followed by synthetic pyrethroids (29.1%, n=91), macro cyclic lactones (12.8%, n=40) and organophosphates (4.5%, n=14). Most farmers (75.2%, n=231) perceived these acaricides to be effective in controlling ticks. The results of focus group discussions showed that a number of factors influenced the success of government initiated tick control programs and these included inconsistent supply of acaricides, unaffordable dipping fees, lack of water, long distance to the dip tank, lack of information on dipping procedures and lack of knowledge on strategies for delaying acaricide resistance. This study demonstrates that while farmers can be a valuable source of information with regards to the epidemiology of tick borne diseases affecting their cattle, there is still need for further training in understanding the TBDs and strategies for their control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Communal farmers’ perceptions of tick-borne diseases affecting cattle and investigation of tick control methods practiced in Zimbabwe

Sungirai

Moyo

Clercq

et al. 2016

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

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“…Recent studies have focused on the relationship that exists between this sub-group of the Rhipicephalus species and results have indicated that Rhipicephalus microplus is displacing other ticks of the same genus in West Africa, South Africa, Tanzania, Mozambique and more recently also in Namibia (De Clercq et al, 2012;De Matos et al, 2009;Lynen et al, 2008;Nyangiwe et al, 2013a;Nyangiwe et al, 2013b). In Zimbabwe, Mason and Norval (1980) reported that the exotic R. microplus was displacing the autochthonous Rhipicephalus decoloratus in the eastern parts of the country with unconfirmed reports suggesting that because of the 1980-1983 drought R. microplus could actually have disappeared from the country (Norval et al, 1992), while subsequent research revealed that R. microplus was still limited to the eastern and northern parts of the country (Katsande et al, 1996) and that it could periodically spread into the interior areas of Zimbabwe (Smeenk et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An update on the ecological distribution of the Ixodidae ticks in Zimbabwe

et al. 2015

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In total 7 567 were collected from 121 dip tanks in 12 districts representative of Zimbabwe's five ecological regions between September 2013 and May 2014. Based on morphological traits four genera and 13 species of ticks were identified. Amblyomma hebraeum (60.3%), Rhipicephalus microplus (58.7%), Rhipicephalus decoloratus (47.1%), Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (56.2%), Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (67.8%), Rhipicephalus (near) punctatus (13.2%), Hyalomma truncatum (38%) and Hyalomma rufipes (46.3%) were found in all the ecological regions of the country. Amblyomma variegatum and Rhipicephalus compositus (0.8%) were only found in the north central part of the country while Rhipicephalus simus (5%) had a sparse distribution. The Haemaphysalis leachi group (1.7%) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (1.7%) were found whenever dogs were sampled suggesting these could be widespread throughout the country. The study confirmed the continued limited distribution of Amblyomma variegatum (3.3%) in the north central parts of the country, whereas A. hebraeum was found to have a wide distribution also encroaching areas of high rainfall and lower temperatures where it was not previously recorded. A parapatric relationship existed between these two Amblyomma species. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus was also widely distributed although its presence was dominant in the cooler and wetter parts of the country. The traditionally held view that Hyalomma species and R. evertsi evertsi can survive well under diverse conditions is upheld in this study. Rhipicephalus microplus was also present in dry regions but its adaptability to these regions requires further investigation.

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“…microplus soon after its first discovery in Ivory Coast and Benin (De Clerq et al, 2012;Madder et al, 2012;Adakal et al, 2013). In South Africa, Nyangiwe et al (2013b) reported on the first record of R. (B.)…”

Section: Acaricide Resistance In Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) Microplus mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(B.) microplus in New Caledonia, West Africa, South Africa and Namibia and of A. variegatum in the Caribbean through livestock transportation are perfect examples (Madder et al, 2012;Léger et al, 2013;Nyangiwe et al, 2013b;Kamani et al, 2017;Nyangiwe et al, 2017). Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus is indigenous and widespread on the African continent (Figure 3), whereas R.…”

Section: Climate Change Human Driving Forces and Tick Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Driving forces for changes in geographic range of cattle ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Africa: A review

Nyangiwe

Yawa²,

Muchenje³

2018

SA J. An. Sci.

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Ticks are the most important external parasites of cattle and are known to transmit more pathogens than any other group of arthropods worldwide. About 80% of the world cattle population is at risk of ticks and tick-borne diseases, causing a global annual loss of $US22-30 billion. In Africa, the impact of ticks is ranked high, and they transmit diseases such as cowdriosis, anaplasmosis, bovine babesiosis and theileriosis. A range expansion of ixodid ticks has been observed in Africa, in particular for the genera Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus, which contribute greatly to cattle loss owing to morbidity and mortality. Distributional changes in ticks can lead to the emergence or re-emergence of infectious and parasitic diseases. Climate change is frequently invoked as the primary cause of tick distribution, but it is not the only factor. Human lifestyle changes, including transportation of livestock within countries, have promoted the introduction of new tick species and the diseases they transmit. One such example is the spread of the Asian cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus to West Africa. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was recorded for the first time in Namibia and was probably introduced into Namibia from South Africa. Likewise, Amblyomma variegatum, the vector of heartwater disease, has the largest distribution in Africa. Its spread is outside its native range and it is considered the second most invasive tick species after R. (B.) microplus on the continent. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a one-host tick that is reported to be resistant to conventional acaricides and this contributes largely to its spread into non-endemic areas.

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First record of the pantropical blue tick Rhipicephalus microplus in Namibia

Cited by 17 publications

References 13 publications

Communal farmers’ perceptions of tick-borne diseases affecting cattle and investigation of tick control methods practiced in Zimbabwe

Communal farmers’ perceptions of tick-borne diseases affecting cattle and investigation of tick control methods practiced in Zimbabwe

An update on the ecological distribution of the Ixodidae ticks in Zimbabwe

Driving forces for changes in geographic range of cattle ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Africa: A review

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