First record of Pseudodiaptomus marinus (Copepoda: Calanoida: Pseudodiaptomidae) in the Black Sea (Sevastopol Bay)

Abstract

Pseudodiaptomus marinus was initially discovered at the end of September 2016 in a sample taken during a long-term plankton survey of Sevastopol Bay started in 2002. We found 6 females and 12 copepodites (I-V stages) of P. marinus at the center of Sevastopol Bay (St. 3) on September 22. At the mouth of Bay (St. 2) the species was not found. Both females and copepodite stages I-V of P. marinus were found at the both stations on November 11. Abundance of P. marinus increased to 1236 individuals in sample (1373 ind/m3) at the center of the bay. Moreover, two individuals of P. marinus nauplii identified by Sazhina, were found in this sample. At the mouth of the bay abundance of the invasive species reached 103 individuals in sample (103 ind/m3). It is considered to be native to the Northwestern Pacific Ocean, but now species is widespread across the world. Brilinski described in details its distribution in the World's oceans. Recently P. marinus has been found in the Atlantic Ocean in the North Sea and in the Mediterranean Sea. P. marinus is a typical estuarine coastal copepod, living in shallow eutrophic inshore waters. It is tolerant to a wide range of salinity (2.5-35 ptt) and temperature (5-28 ºC) and has the highest invasive potential. Thus species is adapted to relatively low salinities and low winter temperatures of the Black Sea. Copepodite stages at both stations indicate the existence of reproducing populations. Thus, very likely P. marinus is the new established species in coastal area of the Black Sea. As other recent pelagic invaders – the copepods Acartia tonsa Dana 1849, Oithona davisae Ferrari F. D. & Orsi 1984; ctenophores Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz, 1865 and Beroe ovata Bruguiere, 1789 - P. marinus was most probably brought into Sevastopol Bay in the ballast water of ships. Long-term studies at basin scale are needed to estimate the structural changes in the Black Sea zooplankton community.

Response to salinity and temperature changes in the alien Asian copepod Pseudodiaptomus marinus introduced in the Black Sea

“…The salinity and temperature tolerance of P. marinus reported here confirms the spreading potential of this species, together with behavioral plasticity (Sabia et al, ; Sabia et al, ), possible presence of different morphs (Sabia, Di Capua, Percopo, Uttieri, & Amato, ), and resistance to metallic stress (Tlili, Ovaert, Souissi, Ouddane, & Souissi, ). P. marinus was first recorded in Sevastopol Bay at the end of September 2016 in just a few number of individuals, but by November 2016 a numerous population was already established (Garbazey et al, ). The experiments discussed in the present work were carried out during the initial settlement of this species in the study area, thus potentially reflecting the adaptive reaction to changes in salinity and temperature in P. marinus coming from different environments.…”

“…P. marinus copepodites (CII‐CIII) were initially found in Sevastopol Bay during weekly zooplankton sampling near the city embankment (44°37′01.51″N, 33°31′18.67″E; depth: 3.0 m; Garbazey et al, ) on 28 October 2016 (about 136 ind./m 3 ), but only at the end of November adult females (36 ind./m 3 ) and males (43 ind./m 3 ) appeared in this area. Copepods were collected by horizontal subsurface hauls using a 100 μm plankton net after dusk in November 2016 at S = 18.0 psu and T = 11.0°C.…”

“…At the end of September 2016, the first occurrence of P. marinus in the Black Sea was recorded at the center of Sevastopol Bay, and by November 2016 also at the mouth of the bay, at permanent long‐term stations (Garbazey, Popova, Gubanova, & Altukov, ). While in September only a few specimens were found (6 females and 12 CI‐CV), by November a staggering density of 1,373 ind./m 3 was scored at the center of Sevastopol Bay, while only 103 ind./m 3 were collected at its mouth.…”

“…While in September only a few specimens were found (6 females and 12 CI-CV), by November a staggering density of 1,373 ind./m 3 was scored at the center of Sevastopol Bay, while only 103 ind./m 3 were collected at its mouth. Since October 2016, this species was also collected at a permanent station located opposite the exit of Over the last 50 years this species was the third estuarine warmwater copepod introduced into the Black Sea by ship ballast waters (Garbazey et al, 2016). The first introduced copepod species was the calanoid Acartia tonsa, which was found in the samples collected in Sevastopol Bay in the late 1970s (Belmonte, Mazzocchi, Prusova, & Shadrin, 1994;Gubanova, 2000).…”

Pseudodiaptomus marinus Sato, 1913 in the Black Sea: morphology, genetic analysis, and variability in seasonal and interannual abundance

“…P. marinus Sato, 1913 is a copepod species that was recently introduced to the Black Sea. It was initially discovered during routine plankton surveys of Sevastopol Bay in September 2016 ( Garbazey et al, 2016 ). This estuarine-coastal species is believed to have originated from the Northwestern Pacific ( Walter, 1987 ; Walter et al, 2002 ) and was first recorded near the coast of Hokkaido in Northern Japan ( Sato, 1913 ).…”